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{|lp{4.15in}|}
\hline
& \\ 
$\bullet$& Define information generally to include both CNN headline news
and the insights on QCD gotten from lattice gauge theories.  There are
four broad categories. \\ 
& \\ 
$\bullet$&{\bf Information Production} (e.g., Simulation) \\ 
&$\bullet$ Major concentration of MPP and HPCC at present \\ 
& \\ 
$\bullet$&{\bf Information Analysis} (e.g., Extraction of location of
oil from seismic data, Extraction of customer preferences from purchase
data) \\ 
& \\ 
&$\bullet$ Growing area of importance and Short term major MPP
opportunity in decision support combined with parallel databases \\ 
& \\ 
$\bullet$&{\bf Information Access and Dissemination}---{\em
InfoVision\/} (e.g., Transaction Processing, Video-On-Demand) \\ 
& \\ 
&$\bullet$ Enabled by National Information Infrastructure \\ 
&$\bullet$ Very promising medium term market for MPP but need
the NII to be reasonably pervasive before area ``takes off'' \\ 
&$\bullet$ MPPs used as high performance, high capacity, multi-media
servers \\ 
& \\ 
$\bullet$&{\bf Information Integration} \\ 
& \\ 
&$\bullet$ Integrates Information Production, Analysis and Access,
e.g., \\ 
&\ \ \ \ \ -- Decision support in business \\ 
&\ \ \ \ \ -- Command and Control for Military \\ 
&\ \ \ \ \ -- Concurrent Engineering and Agile Manufacturing \\ 
& \\ 
&$\bullet$ Largest Long Term Market for MPP \\ 
& \\ 
\hline
\end{tabular}
}

{\newpage
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\samepage \begin{tabular}{|lp{3.75in}|}
\multicolumn2{c}{\bf Table 2: Abbreviations used in Tables 3--4 of} \\ 
\multicolumn2{c}{\bf Industrial Applications of HPCC} \\ 
\hline
& \\ 
{\bf Adaptive}&Software for Irregular Loosely Synchronous Problems
handled by pC++, HPF extensions, Message Passing (Table~6) \\ 
{\bf Asyncsoft}&Parallel Software System for (particular) class of
asynchronous problems (Table~6) \\ 
{\bf CFD}&Computational Fluid Dynamics \\ 
{\bf ED}&Event Driven Simulation \\ 
{\bf FD}&Finite Difference Method \\ 
{\bf FEM}&Finite Element Method \\ 
{\bf HPF}&High Performance Fortran \cite{HPF:93a}, \cite{HPFF:95a} \\ 
{\bf HPF+}&Natural Extensions of HPF \cite{Choudhary:92d},
\cite{HPF:94a}, \cite{HPFapp:95a} \\ 
{\bf Integration}&Software to integrate components of metaproblems
(Table~6) \\ 
{\bf MPF}&Fortran plus message passing for loosely synchronous
programming support \\ 
{\bf PDE}&Partial Differential Equation \\ 
{\bf TS}&Time Stepped Simulation \\ 
{\bf VR}&Virtual Reality \\ 
\hline
\end{tabular}
}

{\newpage
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\samepage \begin{tabular}{|p{3.0in}|p{1.25in}|}
\hline
& \\ 
\multicolumn1{|c|}{\bf Problem Architecture}&\multicolumn{1}{|c|}{\bf
Overall Software} \\ 
&\multicolumn{1}{|c|}{\bf Issue} \\ 
\hline
& \\ 
{\bf Synchronous\/}: Data Parallel& \\ 
\ \ \ Tightly coupled and software needs to exploit features of
problem structure to get good performance. Comparatively easy as
different data elements are essentially identical.&Data Parallel \\ 
\cline{1-1}
\hline
& \\ 
{\bf Loosely Synchronous\/}: Data Parallel& \\ 
\ \ \ As above, but data elements, and/or their linkage, are not
identical.  Still parallelizes due to macroscopic time
synchronization.&Data Parallel \\ 
\hline
& \\ 
{\bf Asynchronous\/}:& \\ 
\ \ \ Functional (or data) parallelism that is irregular in space and
time.  Often loosely coupled and so need not worry about optimal
decompositions to minimize communication.  Hard to parallelize
(massively) unless $\ldots$&Difficult Task parallel \\ 
\hline
& \\ 
{\bf Embarrassingly\/} parallel:& \\ 
\ \ \ Essentially independent execution of disconnected components
(can involve reductions).&Possible in most software \\ 
\hline
& \\ 
{\bf Metaproblems\/}& \\ 
\ \ \ Asynchronous collection of (loosely) synchronous components
where these programs themselves can be parallelized&Coarse grain task
parallelism---each component data parallel \\ 
\hline
\end{tabular}
}

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{\newpage
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\hline
$\bullet$&{\bf 29: Real-Time Control Systems} \\ 
& \\ 
&$\bullet$ Robotics uses Imagery to make decisions (control vehicles) \\ 
&$\bullet$ Energy management controls power use and generation \\ 
& \\ 
$\bullet$&{\bf 30: Electronic Banking} \\ 
&$\bullet$ Requires Security, Privacy, Electronic Cash, etc. \\ 
& \\ 
$\bullet$&{\bf 31: Electronic Shopping} \\ 
& \\ 
$\bullet$&{\bf 32: Agile Manufacturing---Multidisciplinary Design and
Concurrent Engineering} \\ 
&$\bullet$ Combines CAD with Applications 1 to 3 \\ 
&$\bullet$ Requires major changes to Manufacturing Infrastructure and 
Approach \\ 
& \\ 
$\bullet$&{\bf 33: Education} \\ 
&$\bullet$ InfoMall Living Textbook---6 Schools on ATM network
linked to HPCC InfoVision Servers at NPAC \cite{Mills:95a} \\ 
\hline
\end{tabular}
}

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\samepage \begin{figure}\centerline{\psfig{figure=fig1.134c.ps,clip=true,width=4.5in}}

\label{fig1.134c}
\end{figure}
}

{\newpage
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\label{fig2.134c}
\end{figure}
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\label{fig3.134c}
\end{figure}
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\samepage \begin{figure}\centerline{\psfig{figure=fig1.epprob.ps,width=4.0in}}
\begin{center}
Example\@:  Divide large database among processors and independently
search each portion of database to answer query.
\end{center}

\label{fig4.134c}
\end{figure}
}

{\newpage
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\samepage \begin{figure}\begin{quotation}
\begin{center}
{\bf SYNCHRONOUS PROBLEMS}
\end{center}

\noindent{\em For example:}
\begin{center}
Microscopic Description of Fundamental Interactions \\ 
In Particular, QCD
\end{center}
\vspace*{10pt}

\centerline{\hbox{
\vspace*{0.5in}
\psfig{figure=fig1.issues.ps,width=1.75in}}}

\begin{itemize}
\item Computational structure (almost) identical for all elements in
the data domain

\item Parallelize by regular partition of data domain

\item Run well on SIMD machines

\item Message Passing or High Performance Fortran implementation on
MIMD machines
\end{itemize}
\end{quotation}

\label{fig5.134c}
\end{figure}
}

{\newpage
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\label{fig6.134c}
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{\newpage
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\samepage \begin{figure}\begin{center}
\bf ASYNCHRONOUS PROBLEMS \\ 
\end{center}
\vspace{10pt}
For example: \\ 
The world looked at macroscopically in terms of interactions between
irregular inhomogeneous objects evolved as an event-driven simulation

\vspace{15pt}
\centerline{\psfig{figure=fig1.hetero.ps,width=4.5in}}

\begin{itemize}
\item Parallelize by ``data parallelism'' over space of events but no
automatic algorithmic synchronization
\item Need sophisticated software built on top of message passing
between events to ensure synchronization
\item Speedup very problem-dependent
\item MIMD architectures essential
\end{itemize}

\label{fig7.134c}
\end{figure}
}

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\label{fig8.134c}
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\hline
\multicolumn{1}{|c}{\em Problem Class}&\multicolumn{1}{c|}{\em Machine} \\ 
\hline
& \\ 
{\bf Synchronous}&SIMD, MIMD \\ 
& \\ 
{\bf Loosely Synchronous}&MIMD, maybe SIMD \\ 
& \\ 
{\bf Asynchronous}&MIMD, but may not perform well \\ 
&without special hardware features \\ 
& \\ 
{\bf Compound} & Heterogeneous network \\ 
{\bf (Metaproblems)}&(including World Wide Web) \\ 
& \\ 
{\bf Embarrassingly Parallel}&Network of workstations \\ 
&MIMD, World Wide Web, \\ 
&sometimes SIMD \\ 
\hline
\end{tabular}
}

{\newpage
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\hline
& \\ 
$\bullet$ & {\bf Synchronous}\@:  High Performance Fortran (HPF)
\cite{Foster:95a}, \cite{HPFCSep:95a}, \cite{Koelbel:94a}; Fortran~77D
\cite{Bozkus:93a}, \cite{Fox:91e}, \cite{Hiranandani:92c}; Vienna
Fortran \cite{Chapman:92b}; C* [Hatcher:91a;91b]; \nocite{Hatcher:91a}
\nocite{Hatcher:91b} Crystal \cite{Chen:88b}; APL; Fortran for SIMD
parallel computers \\ 
& \\ 
$\bullet$ & {\bf Loosely Synchronous}\@:  Extensions of the above,
especially HPF \cite{Chapman:94b}, \cite{Choudhary:92d},
\cite{HPF:94a}; and parallel C++ \cite{Bodin:91a}, \cite{Chandy:93a},
\cite{Grimshaw:93b}, \cite{Lemke:92a}; Fortran or C plus message
passing \cite{Fox:91m}, \cite{McBryan:94a} \\ 
& \\ 
$\bullet$ & {\bf Asynchronous}\@:  Linda [Factor:90a;90b], \nocite{Factor:90a} 
\nocite{Factor:90b} \cite{Gelertner:89a}; CC++ \cite{Chandy:93a}; Time Warp
\cite{Wieland:89a}; PCN \cite{Chandy:90a}; WebWork \cite{Fox:95a} \\ 
& \\ 
$\bullet$ & {\bf Compound Metaproblems}\@:  AVS [Mills:92a;92b],
\nocite{Mills:92a} \nocite{Mills:92b} \cite{Cheng:93a}; PCN, Linda (or
Trellis built on Linda); Webwork; Fortran-M \cite{Foster:95a}.
Generally, extensions of ADA, Fortran, C, or C++ controlling modules
written in synchronous or loosely synchronous approach \\ 
& \\ 
$\bullet$ & {\bf Embarrassingly Parallel}\@: Several approaches work? \\ 
& $\bullet$ PCN, Linda, WebWork, PVM \cite{Sunderam:90a}, Network Express
\cite{Parasoft:88a}, ISIS [Birman:87a;87b;91a] \nocite{Birman:87a}
\nocite{Birman:87b} \nocite{Birman:91a} \\ 
& \\ 
\hline
\end{tabular}
}

{\newpage
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\hline
$\bullet$&{\bf STATIC Runtime} \\ 
&$\bullet$ Synchronous and Embarrassingly Parallel
Problems---current HPF \\ 
& \\ 
$\bullet$&{\bf ADAPTIVE Runtime} \\ 
&$\bullet$ Loosely Synchronous but not Synchronous---future
capabilities of High Performance Fortran (HPF+) but can be supported
well in message passing \\ 
& \\ 
$\bullet$&{\bf ASYNCHRONOUS Runtime} \\ 
&$\bullet$ Asynchronous Problems \\ 
& \\ 
$\bullet$&{\bf INTEGRATION Runtime and Programming Environments} \\ 
&$\bullet$ Metaproblems \\ 
&$\bullet$ AVS works well but also can be integrated into
languages such as HPC++, Fortran-M \\ 
& \\ 
\hline
\end{tabular}
}

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