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Collaboration implies sharing of electronic objects and is needed in asynchronous and synchronous modes
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Asynchronous mode is
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shared web pages and documents
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electronic mail
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Notification and linkage service
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one associates with each group activity a "magic ID" (barcode)
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every digital object associated with this activity registers itself when it comes on line with some registry (registry can be distributed). A given object may have multiple barcodes attached to it
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Either users or Portals (PSE's) register interest in certain barcodes
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The (Gateway) event service notifies registered observers when a digital object of interest becomes available
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