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IGMP (RFC 1112) - Internet Group Management Protocol - propagates multicast membership group information; this is used by multicast hosts to report their group membership to any immediately neighboring multicast routers; IGMP implements prunning algorithm in order to minimize traffic (paths to networks on which there are no subscribed recipients are pruned);
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TTL - Time-to-Live limits the geographic range of a multicast session; ttl value is assigned to each packet for the session; ttl threshold is set in IP multicast-capable routers; ttl field in each packet is decremented as it hops from router to router; before the multicast packet hops over any mrouter its ttl value has to be greater than the mrouter's threshold value
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PIM - Protocol Independent Multicast (routing protocol from Cisco, Bay Networks). PIM is used by multicast routers to determine which other multicast routers should receive multicast packets; dense-mode: transmits packets to all LANs unless it receives instruction to the contrary; sparse-mode: transmits packets to LANs which have made "join" request
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DVMPR - Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (Cisco, Bay, 3Com) more complicated than RIP
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MOSPF - Multicast Open Shortest Path First (3Com) - multicast routing
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