Full HTML for

Basic foilset Introduction to Networking Technologies

Given by Roman Markowski at CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking on Spring Semester 1998. Foils prepared 5 February 98
Outside Index Summary of Material

Introduction
  • NPAC / SU network
  • Definitions, OSI Reference Model, Standards
  • Cabling, Network Devices, LAN and WAN speeds
Local Area Networks LAN
  • Ethernet/ Iso / Fast / Giga; Token Ring / Bus; 100 VG-AnyLAN; FDDI; Wireless; ATM
Wide Area Netorks WAN
  • Modems; T1 / T3; ISDN; Switched 56K; xDSL; Frame Relay SDMS; ATM
Protocols
  • TCP/IP; IP multicast; AppleTalk; NetBEUI; NFS; SLIP, PPP

Table of Contents for full HTML of Introduction to Networking Technologies

 Denote Foils where Image Critical
Denote Foils where Image has important information
Denote Foils where HTML is sufficient
1 Multimedia Networking: Networking Basics
2 Abstract of Networking Basics
3 Overview in Detail
4 Syracuse NPAC Network Architecture
5 Syracuse University Networking
6 NPAC Networking
7 NPAC FDDI Infrastructure
8 NPAC ATM Infrastructure
9 NPAC PC Mac Network
10 NPAC ISDN Structure
11 NPAC Wireless Infrastructure
12 NYNET Upstate ATM Network
13 Clients and Servers in a Network
14 Definitions -speed
15 Definitions- transmission
16 Definitions - Network topology
17 Definitions - technologies
18 Definitions - LAN / WAN
19 Open System Interconnection (1)
20 Open System Interconnection (2)
21 Standards
22 Cabling - Twisted Pair (1)
23 Cabling - Twisted Pair (2)
24 Twisted Pair - EIA-568A
25 Twisted Pair - wiring
26 Cabling -Coaxial cable
27 Cabling - Fiber optic lines
28 Hardware (1)
29 Hardware (2)
30 LAN - speeds
31 WAN - speeds
32 Local Area Network technologies
33 Ethernet - 10 Mbps (1)
34 Ethernet - 10 Mbps (2)
35 Thick Ethernet (1)
36 Thick ethernet (2)
37 Thin ethernet (1)
38 Thin ethernet (2)
39 10baseT (1)
40 10baseT (2)
41 10baseF
42 Isochronous Ethernet (isoENET)
43 Fast Ethernet (1)
44 Fast Ethernet (2)
45 Gigabit Ethernet (1)
46 Gigabit Ethernet (2)
47 Token Ring (1)
48 Token Ring (2)
49 Token Bus
50 100VG AnyLAN (1)
51 100VG AnyLAN (2)
52 100VG-AnyLAN (3)
53 Fiber Distributed Data Interface (1)
54 Fiber Distributed Data Interface (2)
55 FDDI - ring topology
56 Wireless LAN
57 Mobile computing
58 ATM technology (1)
59 ATM technology (2)
60 ATM technology (3)
61 ATM technology (4)
62 ATM technology (5)
63 ATM technology (6)
64 ATM technology (7)
65 ATM technology (8)
66 ATM technology (9)
67 ATM technology (10)
68 ATM technology (11)
69 ATM technology (12)
70 ATM technology (13)
71 ATM technology (14)
72 ATM technology (15)
73 LAN Emulation Architecture
74 ATM technology (17)
75 ATM technology (18)
76 ATM technology (19)
77 ATM technology (20)
78 Wide Area Network technologies
79 Modems
80 56 Kbps modem technology (1)
81 56 Kbps modem technology (2)
82 56K modem technology (3)
83 Cable modems
84 T1 / T3 Services (1)
85 T1 / T3 Services (2)
86 T1 / T3 Services (3)
87 T1 / T3 service (4)
88 ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network
89 ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network
90 ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network
91 ISDN - BRI
92 ISDN - PRI
93 ISDN - LAN-to-LAN
94 Switched 56 K
95 xDSL Digital Subscriber Line Technology
96 xDSL Digital Subscriber Line Technology
97 xDSL Digital Subscriber Line Technology
98 Frame Relay (1)
99 Frame Relay (2)
100 SMDS - Switched Multi-megabit Data Services (1)
101 SMDS - Switched Multi-megabit Data Services (2)
102 SMDS - Switched Multi-megabit Data Services (3)
103 Protocols
104 TCP / IP (1)
105 TCP / IP (2)
106 TCP / IP (3)
107 TCP / IP (4)
108 TCP / IP (5)
109 TCP / IP (6)
110 TCP / IP (7)
111 TCP / IP (8)
112 TCP / IP (9)
113 TCP / IP (10)
114 TCP / IP (11)
115 TCP / IP (12)
116 TCP / IP (13)
117 TCP / IP (14)
118 TCP / IP (15)
119 IP Multicast (1)
120 IP Multicast (2)
121 IP Multicast - MBONE (1)
122 IP Multicast - MBONE (2)
123 IP Multicast - MBONE (3)
124 AppleTalk (1)
125 AppleTalk - Six-layer Protocol Suite
126 AppleTalk - Six-layer Protocol Suite
127 NetBEUI
128 NetBEUI - protocol environment
129 NFS - Network File System
130 Network File System
131 SLIP - Serial Line Internet Protocol
132 PPP - Point to Point Protocol

Outside Index Summary of Material

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 1 Multimedia Networking: Networking Basics

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Roman Markowski
IS Manager
Northeast Parallel Architectures Center
CPS 640, January 1998
http://www.npac.syr.edu/users/roman/network/
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 2 Abstract of Networking Basics

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Introduction
  • NPAC / SU network
  • Definitions, OSI Reference Model, Standards
  • Cabling, Network Devices, LAN and WAN speeds
Local Area Networks LAN
  • Ethernet/ Iso / Fast / Giga; Token Ring / Bus; 100 VG-AnyLAN; FDDI; Wireless; ATM
Wide Area Netorks WAN
  • Modems; T1 / T3; ISDN; Switched 56K; xDSL; Frame Relay SDMS; ATM
Protocols
  • TCP/IP; IP multicast; AppleTalk; NetBEUI; NFS; SLIP, PPP
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 3 Overview in Detail

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Introduction
  • NPAC / SU network
  • Definitions
  • OSI Reference Model
  • Standards
  • Cabling
  • Network Devices
  • LAN and WAN speeds
LAN
  • Ethernet/ Iso / Fast / Giga
  • Token Ring / Bus
  • 100 VG-AnyLAN
  • FDDI
  • Wireless
  • ATM
WAN
  • Modems
  • T1 / T3
  • ISDN
  • Switched 56K
  • xDSL
  • Frame Relay
  • SDMS
  • ATM
Protocols
  • TCP/IP
  • IP multicast
  • AppleTalk
  • NetBEUI
  • NFS
  • SLIP, PPP
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 4 Syracuse NPAC Network Architecture

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 5 Syracuse University Networking

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 6 NPAC Networking

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 7 NPAC FDDI Infrastructure

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 8 NPAC ATM Infrastructure

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 9 NPAC PC Mac Network

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 10 NPAC ISDN Structure

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 11 NPAC Wireless Infrastructure

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 12 NYNET Upstate ATM Network

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 13 Clients and Servers in a Network

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 14 Definitions -speed

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
bandwidth - is a measure of the amount of time between the arrival of the first bit at any point of a network and the arrival of the last bit at that point
delay - is a measure of time between the departure of the first bit from the source on a network and the arrival of this first bit at the receiver
latency - the time it takes bits to travel the network
throughput - the amount of data transmitted between two points in a given amount of time (e.g. 10 Mbps)
speed - expressed in bits per second (bps), the rate at which data can reliably be transmitted over a line
baud - unit of signal frequency in signals per second. Baud = bps only when a signal represents a single bit
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 15 Definitions- transmission

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
half-duplex - two-way transmission, one way at a time
full-duplex - independent, simultaneous two-way transmission in both directions
synchronous - both the sender and receiver are synchronized with a clock so receiver knows exactly where new characters begin
asynchronous - data is transmitted one character at a time, with intervals of varying lengths between transmittals. Start and stop bits at the beginning and end of each character
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 16 Definitions - Network topology

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
ring - network nodes are connected in a closed loop; data is transmitted from node to node around the loop, always in the same direction.
bus - network nodes are connected to the same cable; all nodes are considered equal and receive all transmissions on the medium
star - network nodes attach to hubs and signals are broadcast to all stations or pass from station to station
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 17 Definitions - technologies

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
bridging - techniques for interconnecting two LAN segments that utilize the same LLC (Logical Link Control) procedures but may use the same or different MAC (Media Access Control) procedures
forwarding - the process of sending a frame toward its ultimate destination by an internetworking device
routing - the process of finding a path to the destination host.
switching - switching and routing are complimentary technologies. Switching is known for simplicity and performance; Routing is known for manageability and control
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 18 Definitions - LAN / WAN

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
LAN - Local Area Network. A network that interconnects PCs, terminals, workstations, servers, printers, and other peripherals at high speed over short distances (ethernet, token ring, FDDI, ATM, wireless)
WAN - Wide Area Network. A network that covers long-haul areas and usually utilizes public phone companies (T1/T3, ISDN, xDSL, Frame Relay, SMDS, ATM)
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 19 Open System Interconnection (1)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
The International Standards Organization (ISO) has developed OSI standard in order to provide some level of uniformity among network vendors. OSI reference model consists of 7 layers. Each layer provides a service for the layer immediately above it:
(1) Physical: passes bit stream between computer and network; defines voltage used, the data transmission timing, handshaking requirements; EIA-RS232, RS449, ethernet, token ring, FDDI
(2) Data Link: provides reliable data transfer between computer and network; packages data into data frames; HDSL, SDSL, ATM, FR, NDIS, ODI
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 20 Open System Interconnection (2)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
(3) Network: sets up and maintains connections; establishes virtual circuits between computers; IP, X.25, IPX
(4) Transport: provides control of quality of service; TCP, UDP, SPX, NetBEUI
(5) Session: handles coordination between processes; concentrates on network management, password recognition, logon and logoff procedures, network monitoring; SNMP, FTP, SMTP, Telnet
(6) Presentation: provides data formatting and code conversion, network security and file transfers; AFP
(7) Application: provides user interface to lower level; X.400, X.500, FTAM
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 21 Standards

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Standard organizations and consortia define the physical and operational characteristics of networking hardware and software. Standards are recommendations that vendors should follow to achieve interoperability with products from other vendors.
Standards Organizations
  • IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force
  • IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
  • ANSI - American National Standards Institute
  • ITU-T - International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication. Standardization Section (previous CCITT)
  • ISO - International Organization for Standardization
Industry Consortia
  • ATM Forum - ATM technology
  • Frame Relay Forum - Frame Relay technology
  • W3C - World Wide Web Consortium
  • Network Management Forum
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 22 Cabling - Twisted Pair (1)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
UTP - Unshielded Twisted Pair
STP - Shielded Twisted Pair
EIA-568 (Electronic Industries Association) - standard which specifies the use of voice-grade UTP as well as STP for in-building data applications (year 1991); The twisting prevents interference problem; wiring up to 16Mbps
EIA-568A - new standard which covers 150-ohm STP and 100-ohm UTP (year 1995).
  • category 1: telephone cable, not suited for data
  • category 2: data transmission up tp 4 MBPS
  • category 3: transmission characteristics are specified up to16 MHz; data rates up to 16Mbps; four twists per foot;max recommended distance: 90m
  • category 4: transmission characteristics are specified up to 20 MHz; not popular
  • category 5: transmission characteristics are specified up to 100 MHz; data rates up to 100Mbps; four twists per inch;better performance; more expensive;max recommended distance: 90m
  • STP: transmissions at speed 300 MBPS; max distance 90m
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 23 Cabling - Twisted Pair (2)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Attenuation - the strength of a signal falls with distance over any transmission medium
Crosstalk - a major source of noise in twisted-pair cable; it is caused by signal "leakage" from adjacent wires
Comparison:
  • UTP cat 3 - good; four twisted pair required with 25Mbps for each pair;
  • UPT cat 5 - better; two twisted pair;
  • STP - best
Application: Fast Ethernet, ATM, and CDDI
Connector: RJ45
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 24 Twisted Pair - EIA-568A

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
By John Mazza
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 25 Twisted Pair - wiring

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
By John Mazza
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 26 Cabling -Coaxial cable

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Thin ethernet cable
  • 50-ohm, 0.2-inch-diameter RG-58 A/U or RG-58 C/U
  • Connector: BNC, BNC barrel, T-BNC, BNC terminator
  • Max length of ethernet segment: 185 m
  • Distance between nodes: 0.5 m
Thick ethernet cable (yellow cable)
  • 50-ohm, 0.4-inch-diameterm, stiffer than thin cable
  • Connector: N-series male connector, N-series barrel
  • connector, N-series terminator
  • Max length of ethernet segment: 500m
  • Distance between nodes: 2.5 m
Broadband coax cable
  • 75-ohm; can carry integrated voice, data and video signals
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 27 Cabling - Fiber optic lines

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Fiber is made up of a core surrounded by a cladding layer. Both are glass but each has its own index of refraction. The light signal is applied to the end of the optical fiber and then bounces down the optical path
The most popular : 62.5/125 um optical fiber
Single mode fiber is designed for use with a signal of one wavelength of light
Multi mode fiber is based on the ability to combine different wavelength signals in the same fiber path. The use of the multiple optical signals is accomplished through a device called a Wave Division Multiplexer working as a prism.
Connectors: ST, SC, FC, MIC
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 28 Hardware (1)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
NIC - Network Interface Card, an adapter which is inserted into a computer
modem - a modulator-demodulator device for changing transmission signals from digital to analog for transmission over phone lines; used in pairs, one is required in each end of the line
transceiver -a device that interfaces between a network and a local node
repeater - a network device that repeats signals from one cable onto one or more other cables, while restoring signal timing and waveforms
hub - common name for a repeater
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 29 Hardware (2)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
bridge - a network device that connects two (or more) LANs and forwards or filters data packets between them, based on their destination address; bridge operates at the Data Link Layer (OSI) and is transparent to higher network protocols
switch - multi-port device designed to increase performance; packet are filtered or forwarded based on their MAC source and destination addresses. There are Cut-Through switches and Store-and-Forward switches
router - a network device capable of filtering/forwarding packets, reading their network addresses (e.g. IP) and route accordingly; router operates at the Network Layer (OSI)
brouter - a device that routes specific protocols, such as TCP/IP and bridges other protocols
gateway - a device for interconnecting 2 or more dissimilar networks; it can translate protocols and operates at all layers of OSI Reference Model
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 30 LAN - speeds

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Wireless (802.11) 2-10 Mbps
Ethernet (802.3) 10 Mbps
Iso Enet (802.9) 16 Mbps
Token Bus/Ring (802.4,802.5) 4, 16 Mbps
100VG-AnyLAN (802.12) 96 Mbps
Fast Ethernet (802.3u) 100 Mbps
FDDI (X3T9.5) 100 Mbps
Fiber Channel 133, 266, 531, 1062 Mbps
Giga Ethernet (802.3z) 1000 Mbps
ATM 25, 100, 140, 155, 622 Mbps
HiPPI 800, 1600, 6400 Mbps
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 31 WAN - speeds

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Modem 9.6, 14.4, 19.2, 28.8, 33.6, 56 Kbps
Switched 56 KBPS 56 Kbps
ISDN B, BRI(2B+D), PRI(23B+D) 64 Kbps, 144 Kbps, 1.544 Mbps
T1 (DS-1) 1.544 Mbps
X.25 up to (64 Kbps) 2 Mbps
Frame Relay 56 Kbps-(1.544 Mbps)-36 Mbps
HDSL 1.544 Mbps
SDSL 160 Kbps- 2 Mbps
ADSL 1.5 - 8 Mbps
VDSL 2.3 - 51.84 Mbps
SMDS 56Kbps - 34 Mbps
T3 (DS-3) 45.736 Mbps
SONET OC-1/STS-1 51.84 Mbps
ATM-25 25 Mbps
ATM DS-3 44.736 Mbps
ATM TAXI 100 Mbps
ATM OC-3,12,48,128 155.52, 622.08 Mbps, 2.488, 6.4 Gbps
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 32 Local Area Network technologies

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Ethernet, IsoEthernet, Fast, Giga
Token Ring, Token Bus
100 VG- AnyLAN
FDDI / CDDI
Wireless
ATM
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 33 Ethernet - 10 Mbps (1)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
standard: IEEE 802.3
media: optical fiber, coax, twisted pair, microwave
media access: CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection)
bandwidth: 10 Mbps, full duplex-20Mbps
topology: bus, star
max frame size: 1500 Bytes
max nodes: 1024
max interstation distance: fiber - 2km; twisted pair - 70 m; coax - 1.5 km; microwave - 4.5 miles
max coverage: 2.8km
connection between hubs: crossover cable
frame formats: Ethernet_II, Ethernet_802.3, Ethernet_802.2
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 34 Ethernet - 10 Mbps (2)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
10base5
  • media: thick coaxial; connector: AUI (TNC)
  • segment length : 500 m
  • max number of nodes per segment : 100 (bus topology)
10base2
  • media: thin coaxial; connector BNC
  • segment length : 185 m
  • max number of nodes per segment : 30 (bus topology)
10baseT
  • media : UTP; connector : RJ45
  • segment length : 100 m
10baseF
  • media Fiber: connector ST or SMA
  • segment length : 2km
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 35 Thick Ethernet (1)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 36 Thick ethernet (2)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
By John Mazza
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 37 Thin ethernet (1)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 38 Thin ethernet (2)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
By John Mazza
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 39 10baseT (1)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 40 10baseT (2)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
By John Mazza
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 41 10baseF

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 42 Isochronous Ethernet (isoENET)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
specification: IEEE 802.9 (it is not ethernet!)
isoENET is a hybrid of a normal 10baseT ethernet and up to 96x 64 Kbps communication channels
speed: 16.144 Mbps (10 Mbps - ethernet data and isochronous 6.144 Mbps- time sensitive applications)
access method: CSMA/CD
applications: integrated voice and data networks
characteristics: backward-compatible relationship between isoENET and ethernet;
topology: star (requires special isoENET hub and special NIC cards)
wiring : twisted pair
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 43 Fast Ethernet (1)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
specification: IEEE 802.3u; speed: 100 Mbps; access method: CSMA/CD;
topology: star; applications: enterprise servers, backbone
100base-TX
  • wiring : cat5 UTP/STP; length : 100m; connector : 8-pin (RJ45), 9-pin (D-type)
  • two pair of wire: one for receive and one for transmit
100base-FX
  • wiring 62.5/125 Mm fiber; length 2 km
  • connector SC, ST, MIC
100base-T4
  • wiring Cat 3 or above; four pair wire cat 3; length 100 m
  • connector 8-pin (RJ45)
100VGAnyLAN
  • a new ethernet standard IEEE 802.12; access method: demand priority
  • speed: 96 Mbps; wiring: UTP cat3,5; fiber single mode, multimode
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 44 Fast Ethernet (2)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
By John Mazza
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 45 Gigabit Ethernet (1)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
specification: IEEE 802.3z
speed: 1 Gbps
access method: CSMA/CD
frame size: 64-1518 bytes
flow control: 802.3x
applications: enterprise servers
implementation: intelligent adapters that minimize host involvement
segment length:
  • single mode fiber : 2km
  • multimode fiber : 0.5 km
  • STP : 0.1 km
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 46 Gigabit Ethernet (2)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
1000base-LX
  • length 3,000 m; fiber single or multimode; LW Laser 1300nm
1000base-SX
  • length 260-550 m; fiber multimode only; SW Laser 830nm
1000base-CX
  • length 25 m; short copper jumpers
1000base-T
  • length 100 m; Cat 5 UTP
The Gigabit ethernet standard adopts both the original IEEE 802.3 ethernet specifications and Fiber Channel ANSI X3T11 for physical interface. Gigabit ethernet retains ethernet's link layer protocol, maximum frame size, and frame format. Gigabit includes both full and half-duplex operating modes
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 47 Token Ring (1)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
standard: IEEE 802.5
media: optical fiber, twisted pair STP or UTP
media access: Token Passing - information is traveling from station to station and is regenerated by each station
bandwidth: 4 or 16 Mbps
max frame size: (4 Mbps) no limit; (16 Mbps) 18,000 Bytes
max nodes: 260 for STP and 72 for UTP
max interstation distance: 300 m to MSAU
topology: physical star, logical ring
hardware:
  • Token Ring Adapter - 4 MBPS and 16 MBPS
  • MSAU - Multi-Station Access Unit, usually 16 ports
  • Token Ring Adapter Cables and patch cables - 9 pin connector on one end and "Type A" connector that plugs into the MSAU
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 48 Token Ring (2)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 49 Token Bus

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
standard: IEEE 802.4
media: 75 ohm CATV coaxial cable
topology: bus and star
media access: Token Passing - information is traveling from station to station and is regenerated by each station; the sequence is defined by station addresses
bandwidth: up to 10 Mbps
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 50 100VG AnyLAN (1)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
100VG AnyLAN is a 100 Mbps high speed networking standard that was originally developed to transmit Ethernet or Token Ring packets over existing wiring (UTP cat 3,4,5 or fiber);
VG stands for Voice Grade
standard: IEEE 802.11
actual throughput: up to 96 Mbps
frames: standard 802.3 ethernet format or 802.5 TokenRing format
distance (hub to node, or hub to hub): UTP cat3 - 100m; UTP cat5 - 200m; fiber - 2000m
access method: Demand Priority (MAC layer protocol), no collisions
compatible with existing software; easy to implement
number of nodes: up to 1024 unbridged nodes
ideal for multimedia applications (traffic can be prioritized)
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 51 100VG AnyLAN (2)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
comparison between CSMA/CD and Demand Priority:
  • CSMA/CD: try to send whenever there is data
  • Demand Priority: only send when it is O.K. to do so; a station demands of the hub the permission to send and indicates the priority; hub services higher priority first.
topology: cascade to 3 levels of hubs (total network span=1200m)
hardware: NICs PCI-VG10/100, EISA-VG10/100 , ISA-VG10/100 with 2 RJ45 (one for ethernet, one for VG); VG-HUB with RJ45 VG ports, HUB with ethernet-to-100VG Bridge
vendor: Ragula Systems, Cisco, Cabletron, Hewlett Packard, etc
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 52 100VG-AnyLAN (3)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
By John Mazza
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 53 Fiber Distributed Data Interface (1)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
FDDI is an excellent medium for building backbones of LANS.
standard: ANSI X3T9.5; media: optical fiber
media access: Timed Token Passing Dual Ring
bandwidth: 100 Mbps (FDDI network actually has a 125 Mbps signaling rate, however 4B/5B (Differential Manchester) encoding takes up to 25 Mbps)
max frame size: 4500 Bytes; max nodes: 500
max interstation distance: 2 km; max distance: 100 km (60 miles)
topology: dual ring (for redundancy); stations act as repeaters; DAS - Dual Attached Station is attached to both rings; SAS - Single Attached Station is attached only to the primary ring
connectors: ST, MIC, SMA906; status: mature, reliable and proven
transition modes: asynchronous - traffic is not prioritized; synchronous - allows for prioritization of time-sensitive traffic; circuit-based (in FDDI II only) -allows for dedicated communication line with guaranteed bandwidth
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 54 Fiber Distributed Data Interface (2)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
FDDI-II is designed for networks that need to transport real-time video or traffic that cannot tolerate delays. Bandwidth is divided into up to 16 separate circuits that operate at from 6.144 Mbps each to a maximum 99.072 Mbps. Each of these channels can be subdivided further to produce a total of 96 64- Kbps circuits.
FDDI-II is incompatible with existing FDDI design.
CDDI - Copper Distributed Data Interface
  • media: TP-PMD UTP5
  • max interstation distance : 100m
Fiber optic cable
  • immune to electromagnetic interference
  • secure (does not emit a signal outside the cable)
  • multimode fiber - passes several frequencies of light (62.5/125 um)
  • singlemode fiber
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 55 FDDI - ring topology

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
By John Mazza
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 56 Wireless LAN

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
standard: IEEE 802.11
types of implementation:
  • DSSS -- Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (higher performance)
  • FHSS -- Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (lower cost)
OSI Physical layer (Access Point, antennas, LAN interfaces)
  • radio-frequency-based -- FCC license not required for the following frequencies 902-928 MHz, 2.4-2.4835 GHz, 5.725-5.850 GHz
  • infrared-based -- no government regulations
OSI Data Link layer:
  • DFWMAC - Distributed Foundation Wireless Media Access Control
  • access method: CSMA/CA - Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (no ability to detect collisions)
typical parameters:
  • data rates: 2 Mbps, 10 Mbps
  • distance: up to 3 miles; up to 10 miles with amplifiers;
  • up to 30 miles - point-to-point without obstacles (mountains, hills)
topologies: point-to-point, point-to-mulitipoint
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 57 Mobile computing

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Standards to transmit TCP/IP over cellular connection
  • CDPD - Cellular Digital Packet Data (uses its own suite of protocols to encapsulate TCP/IP data over the air link); rate: 19.2 Kbps
  • CSC - Circuit Switched Cellular (after dialing you receive a dedicated link for data transmission with SLIP or PPP); rate: 1.2-14.4 Kbps
Wireless services:
  • Enhanced Specialized Mobile Radio (ESMR) Rate: 4.8 Kbps
  • Bi-directional satellite
  • Personal Communication Services (PCs)
  • Spread-spectrum system based on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) or Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA); Rate up to 76 Kbps
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 58 ATM technology (1)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Fundamentals: ATM stands for Asynchronous Transfer Mode.ATM technology is viable for both local (LANs) and wide (WANs) area networks. It supports many types of traffic including voice, data, facsimile, real-time video, CD-quality audio, and imaging. ATM offers bandwidth of up to 155Mbps (and now 622 Mbps or 2.4 Gbps between switches) on the backbone and delivery pipes of 25 Mbps or more to the desktop. ATM is a transport protocol that operates roughly at the MAC sub-layer of the Data Link Layer (OSI)
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 59 ATM technology (2)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Characteristics:
fixed size packets (cells) - 53 bytes
switching technology
high, scalable bandwidth
ability to dedicate a certain bandwidth to an application (QoS - Quality of Service)
can handle real-time applications
broadband technology (for voice, video, and data)
viable for LANs and WANs
still the most expensive service
ATM network consists of ATM switches
wireless ATM (28 GHz range), SMDS over ATM, Frame Relay over ATM
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 60 ATM technology (3)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 61 ATM technology (4)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
ATM switch simply relays cells. It looks at the header and immediately begins forwarding the cell. Because all the cells are the same size, the delay is minimal. ATM switch performs its switching in hardware.No error checking is done. ATM assumes the use of high-quality, error free transmission facilities.
ATM Architecture: ATM was originally defined as part of B-ISDN, developed by CCITT in 1988. ATM Forum, created in 1991, has been working on development of ATM standards.
Physical Interface methods
  • UNI - User-to-Network Interface (interface between host and a switch); specifications UNI 3.0, UNI 3.1, UNI 4.0
  • NNI - Network-to-Network Interface (interface between switches)
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 62 ATM technology (5)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Logical connection between end-stations
  • VC - Virtual Channel
  • VP - Virtual Path (a bundle of VCs)
  • VPI - Virtual Path Identifier - in ATM cell header
  • VCI - Virtual Channel Identifier - in ATM cell header
Permanent vs. Switched Virtual Channels
  • PVC - connections in a connection-oriented network which are established through prior configuration, not dynamically
  • SVC - connections in a connection-oriented network which is established dynamically. SVCs are established by signaling protocols
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 63 ATM technology (6)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
ATM virtual path switching
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 64 ATM technology (7)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
ATM architecture model
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 65 ATM technology (8)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
ATM Physical Layer:
medium:
  • single / multimode fiber with ST, SC, FC connectors
  • Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) category 5 with RJ45 connector
physical interface defined by ATM Forum:
  • DS-1 (T1) - 1.5 Mbps
  • ATM25 (TP25) - 25 Mbps
  • DS-3 (T3) - 45 Mbps
  • TAXI (4B/5B) -100 Mbps
  • Fiber Channel -155 Mbps
  • STS-3c/SMT-1 -155 Mbps
  • OC3c (SONET) -155 Mbps
  • OC12c -622 Mbps
  • OC48c -2.48Gbps
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 66 ATM technology (9)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
SONET / SDH - Synchronous Optical Network / Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
physical layer standard for fiber optic transmissions standardized by ANSI and recommended by CCITT
SONET is the carrier format used in the USA in which OC3c corresponds to a 155 Mbps
SDH is a European carrier system in which STM-1 corresponds to 155 Mbps
ATM and SMDS operates on top of SONET
interface rates: OC1, OC3, OC9, OC12, OC18, OC24, OC36, OC48
  • OC-3c/STM-1 SONET/SDH
  • OC-12c/STM-4c SONET/SDH
fiber based or microwave based (OC3, 6 GHz)
framing STS-3c/STM
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 67 ATM technology (10)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
ATM Layer defines:
  • the structure of ATM cell: cell 53 bytes (5 + 48)
  • virtual channel and path switching
  • UNI and NNI formats; and error control
ATM Adaptation Layer:
  • converges packets from upper layers into ATM cells
  • AAL types and classes
    • AAL1 - connection-oriented, constant bit rate (CBR), good for audio and video; class A
    • AAL2 - connection-oriented, variable bit rate (VBR), good for compressed video; not implemented; class B
    • AAL3/4 - variable bit rate (VBR), timing not required; class C or D
    • AAL5 - connection-oriented, variable bit rate (VBR), timing not required; subset of AAL3/4; popular implementation; class C
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 68 ATM technology (11)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 69 ATM technology (12)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
ATM multilayer architecture
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 70 ATM technology (13)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Quality of Service (QoS) classes and Traffic Classification
  • service class A - CBR Constant Bit Rate
  • service class B - rt-VBR real time Variable Bit Rate
  • service class C - nrt-VBR non real time Variable Bit Rate
  • service class D - ABR Available Bit Rate
  • unspecified - UBR Unspecified Bit Rate
ATM addressing and signaling
  • signaling is necessary to set up SVCs
  • SPANS, Q.93B (UNI3.0), Q.2931 (UNI3.1), UNI4.0
  • addressing: 20 octets
    • E.164- public addressing
    • ICD ATM format
    • DCC ATM format
  • ILMI - Interim Local Management Interface (address registration protocol)
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 71 ATM technology (14)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Classical IP-Over-ATM (IPOA RFC 1577)
ATM is a connection-oriented protocol, which means that connection must be established between two communicating entities before data transfer can begin. IP is inherently connectionless. There are 2 ways to run transparently IP traffic over ATM: Classical IP and LAN emulation
The term "classical" indicates that the ATM network has the same properties as existing legacy LANs.
SVC management is performed via UNI specification, which defines signaling: Q.93B (UNI3.0), Q.2931 (UNI3.1).
Once a Classical IP connection has been established, IP datagrams are encapsulated using IEEE 802.2 LLC/SNAP and are segmented into ATM cells using AAL5.
There is no support for broadcast and multicast in a Classical IP environment. The Classical network is divided into LISs (Logical IP Subnets).
Each LIS must have only on ATM ARP server configured on a switch or a host ARP server is responsible for resolving an IP addresses into ATM addresses.
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 72 ATM technology (15)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
LAN Emulation: IP-Over-ATM (IPOA LANE 1.0)
LANE over ATM is the natural path for migrating ethernet and token ring LANs to fault tolerant ATM network. LANE ver1.0 emulates MAC layer ; standard 1996
Applications can run unmodified over an ATM network. LANE works by allowing the OS and all protocols at and above Layer 2 to seamlessly operate with ATM
components: LES, LEC, LECS, BUS
version 1.0 permits only one LES / BUS on an emulated network creating single point of failure
LECS - LAN Emulation Configuration Server contains the configuration of the emulated networks
LES - LAN Emulation Server mapping between MAC addresses and ATM addresses
BUS - Broadcast and Unknown Server handles broadcast and multicast as well as unknown addresses
LEC - LAN Emulation Client runs on every workstation
Emulated LAN operates in client/server environment applying Virtual LAN concept
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 73 LAN Emulation Architecture

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 74 ATM technology (17)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
LAN Emulation protocol stack
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 75 ATM technology (18)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
LANE vs. Classical
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 76 ATM technology (19)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Voice over ATM (VTOA - Voice and Telephone over ATM)
QoS parameters: delay, jitter in delay, loss rate
CBR for voice current ATM Forum specification
silence detection (voice has 60% of silence)
unstructured circuit emulation: maps entire T1 circuit to a single ATM VC
structured circuit emulation: maps individual 64 Kbps circuits to ATM VCs
Compression: G.726 ADPCM, G.728 LD-CELP, G.729 CS-ACELP
average national network delay for voice traffic specified by G.114, G.131, G.126
current VTOA: lack of compression, lack of silence suppression, limitations of AAL1
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 77 ATM technology (20)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Other ATM Protocols
MPOA - Multi Protocol Over ATM : layer 3 protocols like IP or IPX can be carried transparently over an ATM network
  • mapping on network layer on ATM network
  • performance, scalability
  • sends routed traffic over connection-oriented circuits
NHRP - Next Hop Reservation Protocol is used for forwarding
CIF - Cells in Frames; solution for delivering ATM to the desktop
IISP - Interim Inter-switch Signaling Protocol
PNNI - Private Network to Network Interface
I-PNNI- Integrated PNNI
Hardware: ATM switch, ATM analyzer, ATM adapter
ATM Carrier Services: MCI, WorldCom, Sprint, AT&T, GTE, Pacific Bell, US West, Ameritech, Southwestern Bell, Bell Atlantic
The services are provided by hundreds POPs (Point of Presence)
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 78 Wide Area Network technologies

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Modems
T1 / T3
ISDN
Switched 56 K
xDSL
Frame Relay
SMDS
ATM
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 79 Modems

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Modems (modulators / demodulators) are data communication equipment (DCE) devices that provide connections for computers into the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). They convert (modulate) the digital signal generated by a computer into analog signal that can be transmitted over telephone line.
The most important CCITT (ITU) standards are listed below:
  • V.22 1,200 bits/sec full duplex
  • V.22bis 2,400 bits/sec full duplex
  • V.28 defines circuits in RS-232
  • V.32 async / syn 4,800 and 9,600 bits/sec
  • V.32bis async / syn 14,400 bits/sec
  • V.32turbo 19,200 bits/sec
  • V.34 28.8 Kb/sec
  • V.34+ 36.6 Kb/sec
  • V.42 defines error check-in standard
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 80 56 Kbps modem technology (1)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
asymmetrical : 56 Kbps (downstream); 33.6 Kbps (upstream)
currently there is no standard covering 56 Kbps modems. It will take a year or more for the ITU to ratify a standard. At the moment there are 2 proprietary and incompatible specifications: X2, developed by US Robotics, and K56flex by Lucent and Rockwell Semiconductors Systems.
about 70% of the 56K modems use 56Kflex technology. Recently 28 data communications and computer vendors created Open 56K Forum which intends to push 56Kflex technology as new standard.
Cost: $129-$500
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 81 56 Kbps modem technology (2)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Before switching to 56K modem we should take into account that:
  • only the best phone lines (with the lowest noise level) can handle 56-Kbps transmission. According to analysts, only 50% of US connections are clean enough
  • Some ISPs need to upgrade their connections to carrier phone networks
  • If lines are not pure digital and additional conversions take place, 56 K cannot be obtained.
  • There is also legal limit on speed: an FCC regulation dating back 20 years does not allow for higher modem transmission than 53.3 Kbps
  • If we buy now the vendor should offer upgrade to eventual standard.
  • The modem should be compatible with equipment in central site
  • And of course the full 56Kbps is available for download only. Upload of data is available at standard rates (max 33.6 Kbps).
  • There are also other issues which should be taken into account (vendor, technology, type, upgradability to new standard, remote configuration and management)
  • PC must be fast enough to keep up with the modem : it is important when data are compressed more than 2:1. The serial interface in PC (which usually is 115.2 Kbps can be too slow and must be accelerated.)
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 82 56K modem technology (3)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
By John Mazza
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 83 Cable modems

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Cable-modem allows high-speed access to the Internet via cable TV coaxial wiring, ADSL, twisted-pair copper, and direct broadcast satellite dishes. Works in bi-directional way
Characteristics:
  • Share bandwidth technology
  • 10 Mbps to 30 Mbps downstream
  • 128Kbps-3 Mbps upstream
  • Distance from provider to customer site 30 miles;
  • 2000 miles with additional amplifiers
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 84 T1 / T3 Services (1)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
The highest frequency transmitted for voice communication is 4 kHz. In order to recreate the analog wave from digital stream of data, we need to sample the analog wave at twice the rate of the highest frequency, it means 8 KHz = 8000 times per second. To represent 4KHz in digital, we generate 8-bit samples 8000 times per second. (Voice channel = 64,000 bps)
Service Class:
  • DS0 the basic 64 Kbps channel in digital voice networking
  • DS1 collection of 24 DS0 = 1.544 Mbps
  • DS2 28 DS1 channels (this service is not commonly available)
  • DS3 7 DS2 channels or 672 DS0 channels = 44.736 Mbps
T-carrier services are traditionally dedicated, but switched services are also available. T-carrier services are typically leased on a month-to-month basis and include initial setup charge.
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 85 T1 / T3 Services (2)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
T1 it is DS1 delivered over copper wire (throughput 1.536 Mbps; bandwidth 1.544 Mbps (8Kbps lost for channel synchronization))
  • ISDN PRI = 23 B + D Primary Rate Interface; T1 = 24 DS0
T3 it is DS3 delivered over copper wire ( throu 43.008 Mbps; bw 44.736 Mbps )
Synchronization within one 64 Kbps channel
  • AMI - Alternate Mark Inversion - encoding for 56 Kbps channel
  • B8ZS- Bipolar 8 Zero Substitution - encoding for 64 Kbps channel
In T1 we need to put 24 channels on one four-wire circuit
  • TDM - Time Division Multiplexing
How to identify the first channel in 24-channel rotation ?
  • D4 - Super Frame : = 12 frame format
  • ESF - Extending Super Frame (framing); enhancement of D4 based on 24 frames
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 86 T1 / T3 Services (3)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Frame: a group of all 24 T1 sub-channels with 8 bits per channel and one framing bit. One frame equals 193 bits; 12 frames = D4; 24 frames = ESF
Channelized T1 - used to supply 24 individual channels to different locations
E1 - 32 DS0 channels = 2,048 Kbps (in Europe) AMI is not used; B8ZS is replaced by HDB3 encoding (High Density Bipolar)
Devices required:
  • CSU / DSU = Channel Service Unit / Digital Service Unit
  • V.35, EIA RS449 or RS 530 interface to DTE; RJ48C or RJ48X jack
LAN---bridge --(V.35)---CSU/DSU---(T1)---CSU/DSU--(V.35)---bridge--LAN
Bell Atlantic: installation $622; usage $642/month (in 1997)
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 87 T1 / T3 service (4)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
By John Mazza
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 88 ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
ISDN integrates data, voice, and video signals into a digital telephone line
Specification:
  • CCITT in 1984 (spec I.100-400), 1988 (I.500-600) ; 96 basic specifications
    • Physical I.430/431 basic/primary interface
    • Logical Link I.441/Q.921 Link Access Protocol D channel (LAPD)
    • Network I.451/Q.931 control signaling, call control
Narrow-band ISDN (N-ISDN)- original standard operates over copper cable (operates on physical,logical and network layers)
BRI = Basic Rate Interface (2B+D=144 Kbps)
  • B = 64 Kbps, B (bearer) - data transmission channel
  • D = 16 Kbps, D (delta) - Signaling (2 modes: 64 Kbps and 56Kbps)
PRI = Primary Rate Interface (23B+D=1.544 Mbps) in Europe 30B+D (D = 64 Kbps, signaling channel)
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 89 ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
B channels can be bundled as described below:
  • ISDN-B - 64 Kbps ( 1xB channel)
  • ISDN-D - B+D
  • ISDN-H (H0) - 384 Kbps ( 6xB channels)
  • ISDN-H11 - 1.536 Mbps (24xB channels)
  • ISDN-H12 - 1.92 Mbps (30xB channels)
Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN) - emerging standard
  • operates over fiber with rates 150 - 600 Mbps
  • standard created for videoconferencing, video on demand and based on SONET Synchronous Optical Network (physical transport backbone)
  • ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode (switching service)
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 90 ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Hardware:
  • Popular switches : 5ESS AT&T, DMS100
  • NT1 (Network Termination) converts the 2-wire (U) ISDN line into 4-wire (2 pairs) connection for the terminal adapter (S/T)
  • Terminal Adapter: minimalist approach (only ISDN): ISDN*tek Internet+Plus; Analog and ISDN in one device (ISDN and fax, analog phone or modem): Digi DataFire Go!; High End TAs : Motorola BitSURFER Pro
Services: ISDN (digital) phone, ISDN fax, PC with ISDN, videoconferencing
Security: PAP - Password Authentication Protocol, CHAP - Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol
SPID: Service Provider ID (example:31547792030000/31547788030000)
Service cost - installation: $160; usage: $36/per line per month; TA ~$500
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 91 ISDN - BRI

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 92 ISDN - PRI

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 93 ISDN - LAN-to-LAN

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 94 Switched 56 K

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Digital communication technology for transporting data over
  • switched synchronous lines at 56 Kbps, or
  • switched asynchronous lines at 57.6 Kbps
Compression can provide four times the bandwidth
ISDN offers 2x 64 Kbps channels, switched 56 provides only one 56 Kbps channel.
Switched 56 is digital and do not require modem. Instead, CSU/DSU is required to attach bridge/router to the line installed by a phone company. At each end CSU/DSU is required. A typical connection between CSU/DSU and router/bridge is V.35 serial cable.
The connection operates like dial-out link
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 95 xDSL Digital Subscriber Line Technology

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
xDSL - allows mixing data, voice and video over conventional, copper phone lines.
The service under development (since 1987).
Competes with ISDN and cable modems
xDSL family : ADSL, RADSL, IDSL, HDSL, SDSL, VDSL
All xDSL technologies run on existing copper phone lines and use modulation to boost transmission rates.
  • CAP - amplitude phase modulation
  • DMT - discrete multi-tone modulation
  • DWMT- discrete wavelet multi-tone modulation.
The key in xDSL technology is modulation, a process in which one signal modifies a properties of another.
Hardware: DSL requires modems and splitters for end-users; carriers use DSLAMs (digital subscriber line access multiplexers)
Differences between xDSL technologies: speed, operating distance, applications, ratio between up and downstream
Different approaches: ATM-based ADSL, ISDN DSL. The important thing is what is running over xDSL...
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 96 xDSL Digital Subscriber Line Technology

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
ADSL - Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
  • expected in general use in 1999
  • twisted pair copper
  • asymmetric: most commonly: 6Mbps (down), 640 Kbps (up)
    • downlink: 1.5 Mbps-8 Mbps
    • uplink : 176 Kbps - 1 Mbps
  • limited distance (18000 feet over 26-gauge copper)
RADSL - Rate-Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line
  • varying speeds depending upon line quality; asymmetric
    • downlink: 1.5 Mbps-8 Mbps
    • uplink : 176 Kbps - 1 Mbps
  • limited distance (18000 feet over 26-gauge copper)
HDSL - High-speed Digital Subscriber Line
  • full-duplex, symmetric
    • 1.544 Mbps or 2.048 Mbps in each direction
  • two twisted pairs (for T1) and 3 pairs (for E1)
  • max distance 12,000 feet
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 97 xDSL Digital Subscriber Line Technology

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
IDSL - ISDN Digital Subscriber Line
  • symmetric
    • 128 Kbps in each direction
SDSL - Single-line Digital Subscriber Line
  • not adopted by vendors
  • one twisted pair
  • symmetric, full-duplex
    • 1.544 Mbps or 2.048 Mbps in each direction
  • max distance 10,000 feet
VDSL - Very-high-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line (known as BDSL)
  • asymmetric
    • downlink: 12.96-51.84 Mbps
    • uplink : 1.6 - 2.3 Mbps
  • max 4,500 - 1,000 feet
  • applications: High definition TV, multimedia
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 98 Frame Relay (1)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Developed to address the slowness of X.25 network. FR specification removes flow control and error checking from the intermediate nodes.
FR evolved from X.25 and ISDN. It operates on the first and second layer of OSI Reference Model. The standard proposed in 1984.
Characteristics:
  • line speed: 56Kbps - 1.544 Mbps ---> 36 Mbps ---ᡥ Mbps
  • packet (variable size) oriented, switched communication method,
  • connection-oriented technology based on the leased point-to-point circuits (PVC - Permanent Virtual Channel)
  • not intended for time-sensitive applications due to its variable-length frames
Hardware:
  • FRED - Frame Relay Assembler / Disassembler
  • FRND - Frame Relay Network Device (Node)
Frame Relay Forum supported by Cisco, DEC, Northern Telecom, StrataCom
Public network offering available from most public Carriers: AT&T, MCI, Sprint, RBOCs (RBOC=Regional Bell Operating Company)
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 99 Frame Relay (2)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Frame Relay vs. ATM
both offer QoS
both connection-oriented technologies
FR top bandwidth - 45 Mbps
ATM lowest bandwidth -25 Mbps
FR: variable size packets; ATM : fixed length cells;
FR addresses E.164 and X.121 specifications
ATM addresses E.164, ICD, DCC
FRF.5 spec (network internetworking)
  • (FR)--X--(ATM)--X--(FR)
FRF.8 spec (service internetworking)
  • (FR)--X--(ATM)
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 100 SMDS - Switched Multi-megabit Data Services (1)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
SMDS service allows to interconnect LANs in a citywide area. It is full service, not just technology. SMDS exists for several years
Characteristics
  • Fixed-size cell relay technology: cell size 53 Bytes
  • A cell is called "SMDS SIP Layer 2 PDU"
  • Packet size: up to 9,188 Bytes (split into 53 B cells)
  • Switching technology
  • Connection-less service (no wait for end-to-end connection)
  • Error checking and flow control done by end-nodes.
  • Transmission rates: 4, 10, 16, 25 and 34 Mbps
  • Multicast addressing is supported
  • LAN-to-LAN connection at high speeds and low delay
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 101 SMDS - Switched Multi-megabit Data Services (2)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Media: SONET, DS-3, DS-1
Topology: physically star configured network with dual bus design
Limitations: up to 512 nodes on the bus;bus length: up to 160 km
Connection to SMDS network:
  • LAN---Bridge/Router---CSU---(T1/T3)---SMDS network
Main competitors: Frame Relay and ATM
OSI Reference Model
  • SMDS service defines 3 layers (SIPs = SMDS Interface Protocols)
  • physical, data link and network layers
SMDS is compatible with:
  • IEEE 802.6 Metropolitan Area Network, and Broadband ISDN
  • DQDB - Distributed Queue Dual Bus ; used as the interface and access method for the network
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 102 SMDS - Switched Multi-megabit Data Services (3)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
SMDS vs. ATM:
  • ATM is one of technologies
  • SMDS is a service which can be provided by ATM, Frame Relay or can be offered without ATM.
  • SMDS is the first ATM service. It offers most of the same advantages as ATM
  • SMDS is data-only solution; adding time-sensitive application (audio, video) support can be relatively easy
  • SMDS and ATM cells are similar, but not quite the the same. Headers (5 bytes for ATM, 7 bytes for SMDS) must be translated
  • SMDS: connection-less; ATM: connection oriented
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 103 Protocols

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
TCP / IP
IP multicast
AppleTalk
NetBEUI
NFS
SLIP / PPP
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 104 TCP / IP (1)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
TCP/IP protocols were developed as part of the US DoD ARPANET project, started in 1969. User-transparent routing across multiple networks is performed by the IP datagram layer ; network services and applications are built upon IP, using UDP or TCP protocols.
TCP/IP is a packet-switching protocol. Information is broken up into packets, transmitted, then reassembled.
TCP/IP is a set of protocols developed to allow connect computers and share resources across a network. TCP/IP protocols were designed to transmit data in a "best effort" across a network - that is data packets were sent from source to destination with no guarantee of delivery.
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 105 TCP / IP (2)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
TCP/IP protocol suite (selected list):
Telnet - Remote login (RFC 854, 855)
FTP - File Transfer Protocol (RFC 959)
SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (RFC 821, 822)
NFS - Network File System (RFC 1001,1002)
DNS - Domain Name Service (RFC 1035)
NIS - Network Information System (Yellow Pages)
X - Remote Windowing System
RPC - Remote Procedure Call
SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol
TCP - Transmission Control Protocol (RFC 793)
UDP - User Datagram Protocol (RFC 768)
ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol (RFC 792)
IGMP - Internet Group Management Protocol
IP - Internet Protocol (RFC 791)
ARP, RARP - (Reverse) Address Resolution Protocol (RFC 826)
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 106 TCP / IP (3)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 107 TCP / IP (4)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
TCP / IP protocol stack
  • Application (telnet, NFS, SNMP)
  • Transport (TCP / UDP)
  • Network (IP)
  • Physical
TCP (stream --> segment --> datagram --> frame)
  • reliable, connection-oriented, byte-stream protocol
UDP (message--> packet --> datagram --> frame)
  • unreliable, connection-less datagram protocol
IP - connection-less protocol: when the datagrams are sent, the network does not know that there is any connection between them
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 108 TCP / IP (5)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 109 TCP / IP (6)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Network Layer : IP v 4
Addressing: every computer using TCP / IP on the Internet must have a unique IP address: p.q.r.s (4 bytes = 32 bits)
  • p network host nr-of-hosts
  • Class A 1-126 p q.r.s 16,777,214
  • Class B 128-191 p.q r.s 65,534
  • Class C 192-223 p.q.r s 254
  • Class D 224-239 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255
  • Intranet 192 192.168.0.1 - 192.168.255.255
Masks example:
  • network 128.230.117.0-255 mask 255.255.255.0
  • network 128.230.232.0-63 mask 255.255.255.192
Broadcast example:
  • network 128.230.117.0-255 broadcast 128.230.117.255
  • network 128.230.232.0-63 broadcast 128.230.232.63
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 110 TCP / IP (7)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 111 TCP / IP (8)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
IP routing
  • RIP - Routing Information Protocol (RFC 1058)
  • OSPF - Open Shortest Path First (RFC 1247)
  • EGP - Exterior Gateway protocol (RFC 904)
Transport layer: TCP/UDP
  • port numbers are used to identify applications; on Unix port numbers are defined in /etc/services; well-known ports:
    • 21 (ftp), 23 (telnet), 25 (smtp), 80 (www), 119 (nntp), 123 (ntp)
  • sockets - a combination of IP address and port number
Other Protocols
  • DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol designed (Microsoft) to centrally manage IP addresses on the network by allocating them dynamically whenever a client requires one. DHCP maintains a database of the addresses reserved and leased to clients.
  • BOOTP- Booting Protocol (RFC 951)
  • SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol SNMP v1,2,3
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 112 TCP / IP (9)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Security: TCP/IP by itself offers no security
  • PGP - Pretty Good Privacy
  • S/MIME - Secure MIME
  • IPSEC - Internet Protocol Security
Tunneling Technology
  • Layer2 forwarding : PPP packet is tunneled across the network
    • PPTP - Microsoft (In Win NT)
    • L2F - Cisco (Layer 2 forwarding)
    • ATMP - Ascend (Ascend Tunnel Management Protocol)
    • L2TP - Microsoft / Cisco (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol)
  • Layer3 forwarding
    • PPP session is terminated at the remote access server and only the layer3 payload is tunneled
    • Mobile IP - IETF (for cellular networks)
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 113 TCP / IP (10)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
What is IPv6 ?
IPv6 stands for Internet Protocol versions 6. The current version is called IPv4. The explosive growth of the Internet is the primary reason a new version of IP is being developed. IPv6 has:
  • ability to better handle video and audio transmission
  • enhanced addressing scheme
  • support for data integrity, authentication, confidentiality
IPv6 isn't backward-compatible with IPv4. A technique called tunneling lets the two protocols coexist. IPv6 packets are tunneled by encapsulating the packets in IPv4 datagrams and routing them over the IPv4 network.
IPv6 (IPng = next generation) completely redefines the nature of Internet addresses; IPv6 is 128 bit long. It is large enough to assign unique IP address for every proton in the earth, or install several billion computers on every square meter of the Earth's surface.
Fore more information see:
http://playgroud.sun.com/pub/ipng/html/ipng-main.html
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 114 TCP / IP (11)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
IP header
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 115 TCP / IP (12)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
UDP header
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 116 TCP / IP (13)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
TCP header
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 117 TCP / IP (14)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 118 TCP / IP (15)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 119 IP Multicast (1)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
IP Unicast, Multicast and Broadcast
  • A IP broadcast goes to every device on the network, often distributing control data that supports the network.
  • In IP multicasting, the data goes only to devices that request it.
  • Unicast datagram has defined and unique sender and recipient.
IP multicasting is a way of forwarding data to a group of host systems simultaneously. It is similar to IP broadcasting except that instead of all hosts receiving the data, only systems which belong to a multicast host group receive the data.
A multicast host group is a group of systems which have the same Class D
  • IP destination address (for example 224.99.0.6);
  • Class D covers addresses: 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255
Multicast must be enabled on hosts and routers
If multicast is not supported, we have to built a tunnel i.e. encapsulate multicast messages in unicast datagrams
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 120 IP Multicast (2)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
IGMP (RFC 1112) - Internet Group Management Protocol - propagates multicast membership group information; this is used by multicast hosts to report their group membership to any immediately neighboring multicast routers; IGMP implements prunning algorithm in order to minimize traffic (paths to networks on which there are no subscribed recipients are pruned);
TTL - Time-to-Live limits the geographic range of a multicast session; ttl value is assigned to each packet for the session; ttl threshold is set in IP multicast-capable routers; ttl field in each packet is decremented as it hops from router to router; before the multicast packet hops over any mrouter its ttl value has to be greater than the mrouter's threshold value
PIM - Protocol Independent Multicast (routing protocol from Cisco, Bay Networks). PIM is used by multicast routers to determine which other multicast routers should receive multicast packets; dense-mode: transmits packets to all LANs unless it receives instruction to the contrary; sparse-mode: transmits packets to LANs which have made "join" request
DVMPR - Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (Cisco, Bay, 3Com) more complicated than RIP
MOSPF - Multicast Open Shortest Path First (3Com) - multicast routing
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 121 IP Multicast - MBONE (1)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
MBONE - Multicast backBONE
MBONE is a virtual network built on top of the Internet; Invented by Van Jacobson and Steve Casner in 1992. The purpose of MBONE is to minimize amount of data required for multipoint audio / video-conferencing
MBONE is free; it uses network of mrouters that can support multicast; enables access to real-time interactive multimedia on the Internet
Many older routers do not support multicast; to avoid this we must set up tunnels on both ends; multicast packets are encapsulated in unicast packets and sent through a tunnel;
MBONE uses a small subset of 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255 assigned for multicast traffic. MBONE uses 224.2.0.0 for multimedia conferencing
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 122 IP Multicast - MBONE (2)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Characteristics:
  • topology: combination of mesh and star
  • IP addresses: 224.2.0.0
  • routing schemes: DVMPR, MOSPF
  • session registration: IGMP protocol
  • traffic requirement: audio 32-64 Kbps, video 120 Kbps
MBONE tools:
  • videoconferencing: vic -t ttl destination-host/port &
    • (supports: NV, H.261, CellB, MPEG, mJPEG)
  • audioconferencing: vat -t ttl destination-host/port &
    • (supports: LPC, PCMU, DVI4, GSM)
  • whiteboard: wb destination-host/port/ttl &
  • session directory: sdr &
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 123 IP Multicast - MBONE (3)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 124 AppleTalk (1)

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
AppleTalk is a protocol suite defined by Apple Computers, Inc. for connecting computers and peripherals, and other devices on a network. All Macintosh computers have AppleTalk connectivity options built into them. AppleTalk services include file sharing, print sharing, and electronic-mail handling.
AppleTalk Network Elements
  • Node - addressable device (workstation, printer, router); a node is identified by a unique address that each node selects dynamically at initialization time; the address consists of the node's network number and a unique node number; example: node address 11700.25
  • Network - a cable segment attached to a router; each network is identified by a network number or a range of network numbers; example: network range 11700-11700; there are 2 network-numbering systems:
    • Phase 1 or not-extended 8-bit addressing - allows 254 nodes per network
    • Phase 2 or extended 16-bit addressing - allows for 16,580,608 nodes per network
  • Zone - logical collection of nodes; it can be a collection of nodes on a different networks; each zone is identified by a unique name; example: zone name "NPAC"
  • Internet - the whole network of zones
  • Seed Router - broadcasts information about network numbers and zone names
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 125 AppleTalk - Six-layer Protocol Suite

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Physical Layer:
  • Token Ring Hardware
  • Ethernet Hardware
  • LocalTalk Hardware (uses a synchronous RS-422A bus with speed 230.4 Kbps)
Data Link Layer:
  • TLAP - TokenTalk Link Access Protocol
  • ELAP - EtherTalk Link Access Protocol
  • LLAP - LocalTalk Link Access Protocol; uses CSMA/CA- collision avoidance
  • AARP - AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol is included in LAP specification; it translates hardware addresses to AppleTalk addresses
Network Layer:
  • DDP - Datagram Delivery Protocol
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 126 AppleTalk - Six-layer Protocol Suite

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Transport Layer:
  • RTMP - Routing Table Maintenance Protocol, maintains and broadcasts routing information (every few seconds)
  • AEP - AppleTalk Echo Protocol, sends datagrams to other nodes in the network to determine their existence
  • ATP - AppleTalk Transaction Protocol, determines whether requests are lost or delayed
  • NBP - Name Binding Protocol, translates device a name into AppleTalk address
Session Layer:
  • ADSP - AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol, works with ATP to ensure reliable data transmission; includes flow control
  • ZIP - Zone Information Protocol, maps network numbers to network zones; the information is kept in ZIT=Zone Information Table
  • ASP - AppleTalk Session Protocol, responsible for opening and closing sessions
  • PAP - Printer Access Protocol, maintains print service
Presentation and Application Layers:
  • AFP - AppleTalk Filing Protocol
  • PostScript - paged description language
  • AppleShare is a centralized file-sharing system that runs on top of AppleTalk on a Macintosh system; AppleShare servers are accessed by AppleShare clients
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 127 NetBEUI

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
NetBIOS - Network Basic Input Output System
NetBEUI - NetBIOS Extended User Interface
Protocols designed by IBM and Microsoft to support network communication in a small-sized LAN consisted of personal computers (Microsoft Network)
Implementation: OS/2, Windows for Workgroups, Windows NT, Microsoft LAN Manager, IBM LAN Server
In Windows NT network one can choose the protocol used for networking: NetBEUI, TCP/IP or IPX
NetBIOS is a generalized program-to-program communication facility that enables peer-to-peer and client/server communication between PCs operating in a LAN environment.
NetBIOS supports 3 services:
  • name service (no centralized name servers are required)
  • session service (connection-oriented)
  • datagram service (connection-less; used to deliver broadcast)
NetBIOS names can be resolved to TCP/IP addresses in 2 ways:
  • LMHOSTS file
  • WINS - Windows Internet Name Service
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 128 NetBEUI - protocol environment

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Physical Layer:
  • NIC Adapter
Data-link Layer:
  • NIC driver
  • NDIS - Network Driver Interface Specification
Network and Transport Layers:
  • NetBEUI - provides data transport services
Session Layer:
  • NetBIOS - sets up sessions and maintains connections; not routable protocol, not suitable for WAN environment; NetBIOS broadcasts information about location of servers
Presentation Layer:
  • SMB - Server Message Blocks; enables file sharing, print sharing and user-based messaging
Application Layer:
  • Redirector - directs network requests to network servers and local commands to the local operating system
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 129 NFS - Network File System

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
originally created by Sun Microsystems, Inc as a file sharing system for TCP/IP networks.
Sun's concept : The network is the computer = The computer is the network
NFS is a distributed, client-server file system: the client requests the information and the NFS server distribute the information
it is widely implemented, contains security features
NFS allows users to access files and printers on other systems as if they were local files
server: broadcasts (exports) the directories that it is sharing
client: mounts (automounts) the directories
specifications:
  • NFSv2 RFC 1094
  • NFSv3 RFC 1813
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 130 Network File System

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
AFS - Andrew File System
  • originally developed at Carnegie Mellon
  • designed to provide reliable file services in distributed environment
  • can be viewed as enhanced NFS
DFS - Distributed File System
  • addresses better performance, replication, caching, security, locking
  • designed around the client-server model
  • cached File System
  • it supports file system greater than 2GB
  • conceptually, DFS is enhanced AFS
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 131 SLIP - Serial Line Internet Protocol

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Two schemes have been adopted by the Internet community to provide links over serial point-to-point lines into dial-up routers: SLIP and PPP
SLIP supports the transmission of IP datagrams encapsulated within SLIP frames;
SLIP operates over point-to-point connection; simpler than PPP;
suitable for stationary systems that only transmit IP;
supports asynchronous and synchronous transfers over dedicated or dialup lines;
datagram size: 1006 bytes; no error detection/correction; compression is not supported
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared 5 February 98

Foil 132 PPP - Point to Point Protocol

From Introduction to Networking Technologies CPS640 MultiMedia and Networking -- Spring Semester 1998. *
Full HTML Index
supports IP, DECnet, IPX, AppleTalk, Mac layer bridging;
operates over dialup or leased lines;
allows to assign IP address automatically (dynamically);
there are no speed limitations built into the PPP protocol;
frames have variable sizes;
Physical Layer:
  • EIA-232E, EIA-422, EIA-423, V.24, V.35
Data Link Layer:
  • HDLC- High-level Data Link Control
  • LCP - Link Control Protocol
Network Layer:
  • NCP - Network Control Protocol
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