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tr/ab/XY/ translates a to X and b to Y in string $_
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As for m and s, one can apply tr to a general string with =~
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$string =~ tr/a-z/A-Z/; # translates letters from lower to upper case in $string
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Note use of - to specify range as in regular expressions, although tr does NOT use regular expressions
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tr can count and return number of characters matched
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$numatoz = tr/a-z//; # $numatoz holds number of lower case letters in $_
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if final string empty no substitutions are made
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if second string shorter than first, the last character in second string is repeated
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tr/a-z/A?/; # replaces a by A and all other lower case letters by ?
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if the /d option used, unspecified translated characters are deleted
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tr/a-z//d; # deletes all lower case letters
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the /c option complements characters in initial string
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tr/a-zA-Z/_/c; # translates ALL nonletters into _
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the /s option captures multiple consecutive copies of any letter in final string and replaces them by a single copy
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