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There are three major types of cryptographic function which differ in functionality and performance
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Secret Key Cryptography is what we are most familiar with and has medium performance and functionality. It has one secret key
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Public Key Cryptography is a remarkable idea with some very important and non-intuitive capabilities. It is computationally intense and requires some infrastructure to implement. It involves one secret (called private) and one public key known to everybody.
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Based on computational infeasibility of factoring large numbers which can be found by multiplying two primes
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Hash functions (or one way transformations) involve zero keys and encrypt in a way that cannot be decrypted. It is very fast
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Methods are combined to produce hybrid approaches that combine necessary speed and functionality
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