RSA stands for inventors: Rivest Shamir and Adleman
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Take a number n = p * q where p and q are primes
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Choose a "suitable" number e
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Public key is <e,n> and basic encryption algorithm takes message m to be encrypted and forms
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Decryption involves private key d which is found so that
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d * e = 1 mod((p-1)(q-1))
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Then m = cd mod(n)
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As factorization is computationally infeasible (for n of 512 bits in length or more), this encryption cannot be broken.
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Maybe should increase this to n=1024 as recently much progress in nifty factorizations
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