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Basic foilset Network Design for Internetworking

Given by Roman Markowski at Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University on Sept 1998. Foils prepared Dec. 6 98
Outside Index Summary of Material

Network Designing Process
Requirements definition (most important step)
  • Users Requirements ( customers)
  • Designer Viewpoint (provider)
Technology
Request for Comments
Request for Proposals
Decision Process
Implementation

Table of Contents for full HTML of Network Design for Internetworking

Denote Foils where Image Critical
Denote Foils where HTML is sufficient
1 Internetworking: Network Design
2 Contents
3 Network Designing Process (1)
4 Network Designing Process (2)
5 Users Requirements (1)
6 Users Requirements (2)
7 Designer Viewpoint (1)
8 Designer Viewpoint (2)
9 Designer Viewpoint (3)
10 Designer Viewpoint (4)
11 Designer Viewpoint (5)
12 Designer Viewpoint (6)
13 Designer Viewpoint (7)
14 Designer Viewpoint (8)
15 Designer Viewpoint (9)
16 Technology (1)
17 Technology (2)
18 Technology (3)
19 Request for Comments (1)
20 Request for Comments (2)
21 Request for Comments (3)
22 Request for Comments (4)
23 Request for Comments (5)
24 Request for Proposals (1)
25 Request for Proposals (2)
26 Request for Proposals (3)
27 Request for Proposals (4)
28 Decision Process - Major Questions (1)
29 Decision Process - Major Questions (2)
30 Decision Process - Major Questions (3)
31 Implementation - VLAN (1)
32 Implementation - VLAN (2)

Outside Index Summary of Material

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 1 Internetworking: Network Design

From Network Design for Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Roman Markowski
IS Manager
Northeast Parallel Architectures Center
Syracuse University
September 1998
http://www.npac.syr.edu/users/roman/
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 2 Contents

From Network Design for Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Network Designing Process
Requirements definition (most important step)
  • Users Requirements ( customers)
  • Designer Viewpoint (provider)
Technology
Request for Comments
Request for Proposals
Decision Process
Implementation
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 3 Network Designing Process (1)

From Network Design for Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Designing or upgrading a network is a difficult task
  • network can be constructed in many different ways
  • redundancy: Can your network afford downtime ?
  • scalability, management, traffic monitoring, bottleneck identification
Hierarchical model: a central cloud interconnects campus backbones,which in turn link up building and departmental networks
  • scalable bandwidth alone does not solve networking problems
  • mission critical applications
  • Quality of Service: priority to time-sensitive data while still delivering lower-priority traffic
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 4 Network Designing Process (2)

From Network Design for Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Intelligently prioritize all Web-based traffic to ensure high availability of essential information and services
Centralized management tools to enforce a universal network policy
80:20 rule: A few years ago 80% of network traffic stayed in the workgroup, and the only 20% needed to be routed. Today the 80:20 rule has been inverted.
Network Designing is based on knowing user requirements and technology options
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 5 Users Requirements (1)

From Network Design for Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
users requirements and expectations are growing exponentially
technology limitations (bandwidth, protocols, hardware)
the final version of the production network should be transparent to the average user
user's dreams:
  • no delays; no cost to user
  • no protocol or functional restrictions
  • no physical constraints
  • no network errors
  • portability
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 6 Users Requirements (2)

From Network Design for Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
user's dreams:
  • no network/ services/ application downtimes
  • broadcast and multicast support
  • security, privacy; easy to use
  • full training and documentation
  • user friendly environment
reality
  • difficult mid and high-layer protocols
  • lack of interoperability; emerging technologies
  • incomplete/buggy implementations
  • not perfect (ever changing) hardware and software
  • lots of technology constraints
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 7 Designer Viewpoint (1)

From Network Design for Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Network design depends on applications planned for the network
Size of traffic
  • units like bits, bytes, octets, messages, blocks are packaged into files, packets, frames, cells
  • data transfer is measured by the number of units or packages transmitted per unit time (Mbps, KBps, pps)
Traffic characteristics
  • burstiness = (peak rate) / (average rate); a source that infrequently sends traffic is said to be very bursty (example: one e-mail per hour vs. continuous video stream)
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 8 Designer Viewpoint (2)

From Network Design for Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Traffic characteristics
  • delay tolerance: defines the maximum delay an application can tolerate (we can wait 10 sec for an email, but not for video frame)
  • response time : can an application experience variable delay and response time (jitter)? - like audio stream
  • total capacity and throughput: capacity - actual amount of resources available across a given path (T1: 1.544 Mbps); throughput - measure how much data can be passed across a medium in a stated period of time (T1: 1.536 Mbps)
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 9 Designer Viewpoint (3)

From Network Design for Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 10 Designer Viewpoint (4)

From Network Design for Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Sessions and usage patterns
  • peak hours and traffic hours
  • specific hours of bulk data transfer (e.g. backups)
  • average traffic
  • number of call setups (e.g. dial-up)
  • number of active users / accounts
Other performance factors
  • call setup and response time
  • routing scenario
  • data accuracy (some application cannot tolerate data errors)
  • prioritization (priority scheme for each application)
  • quality of service (audio, video)
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 11 Designer Viewpoint (5)

From Network Design for Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Protocols for existing and planned applications
  • Technologies: Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, ATM, ISDN...
  • Routing: static, dynamic; fixed (PVCs)
  • Network: TCP/IP, AppleTalk, NetBEUI, IPX/SPX....
  • Services: NIS, DNS, print,mail,ftp, telnet.....
  • Addressing: flat or hierarchical; fixed or dynamic
Timing and delay considerations
  • access time and response time (function of amount of traffic generated by users, available bandwidth, networking devices)
  • what is the element of delay that most impacts response time ?
  • Users want minimum delay and maximum throughput
  • Switch performance: 500,000 pps
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 12 Designer Viewpoint (6)

From Network Design for Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Congestion
  • can occur in switches, routers, ports, buffers, transmission links, processors
  • cannot be avoided
  • blocking: - the user traffic is blocked when congestion occurs
  • Storage and queuing - data is stored in buffers in order it was received until there is sufficient bandwidth to transmit it
Maintainability
  • network must allow to maintain its operating efficiency
  • how to expand/modify in future when requirements increase
  • easy software upgrades
  • built-in tools for network monitoring, troubleshooting
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 13 Designer Viewpoint (7)

From Network Design for Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Connectivity
  • user-to-network
    • speed; interface; devices; addressing
  • network-to-network
    • speed; homogeneous or heterogeneous
    • point-to-point or multi-point; bridged or routed
    • existing networks
    • switching (circuit, packet, frame, cell)
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 14 Designer Viewpoint (8)

From Network Design for Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Connectivity
  • geographical requirements
    • central or distributed (limitations)
    • flat or hierarchical; campus / building / department / floor
    • virtual LANs; backbone design; current infrastructure
    • remote access (fixes or mobile, wire-based or wireless)
    • redundancy
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 15 Designer Viewpoint (9)

From Network Design for Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Service
  • user support; billing; management
  • redundancy and disaster recovery; systems team
Security
  • level of security; physical security
  • how sensitive is the information; security policy
  • firewalls, packet / protocol filters, proxy servers
  • tracking down intruders
Budget constraints
  • networking devices expensive (routers, switches, ...)
  • monitoring devices; monitoring software; wiring
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 16 Technology (1)

From Network Design for Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Ethernet
  • switched Ethernet - 10 Mbps to the desktop
  • Fast Ethernet - backbone and desktop connectivity excellent price to port ratio
  • Giga Ethernet - most promising LAN-backbone solution (IEEE 802.3z): high speed extension of Ethernet
ATM
  • designed to provide QoS and flow control traffic sent in fixed-length, 53-byte cells, high cost
  • connection-oriented technology (PVC, SVC)
  • bandwidth: 25 Mbps, 155 Mbps (OC3), 622 Mbps(OC12)
  • ATM succeeded in WANs
  • LAN: ATM has difficulties to compete with Fast and Giga Eth
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 17 Technology (2)

From Network Design for Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
VLAN
  • groups of networked computers that communicate as if they were on the same physical LAN subnet
  • VLAN is a logical broadcast domain
  • for 2 different physical network segments or VLANs to communicate with each other, Layer 3 devices, called routers, are required
Switching
  • Layer 2 switches can communicate via broadcast
  • Layer 3 switches switches with routing capabilities
  • Layer 4 switches allow to prioritize some vital applications
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 18 Technology (3)

From Network Design for Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Quality of Service
  • depends on bandwidth allocation, network latency and prioritizing network applications
  • protocols: RSVP, 802.1p, 802.1Q
  • RSVP allows to reserve bandwidth for traffic passing layer 3 devices
Management : a good network management packagae allows to monitor traffic and upgrade hardware on the basis of some traffic patterns
  • SNMP-based network management lets you to monitor, troubleshoot and expand the network
  • RMON - extension of SNMP
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 19 Request for Comments (1)

From Network Design for Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Executive Summary
  • increase of number of computers; increase of traffic
  • limitations of existing equipment; technology trends
  • limitations in capital funding and operating budget
  • internal manpower limitations
  • narrow range of reputable vendors (Cisco, IBM, 3Com, Fore)
Historical overview
  • changes in the design of the campus network
  • eliminating variety of technologies and replacing them by a single LAN technology (Ethernet)
  • changes in wiring and high speed network technologies
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 20 Request for Comments (2)

From Network Design for Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Current Status of Campus Network
  • number of computers, backbone network utilization (bps)
  • networking technologies (FDDI, ATM, Ethernet, Token Ring)
  • overall architecture of the network, number of subnets
  • number and type of routers, Internet connection
  • bottlenecks, dialup connections
Driving Forces for Change
  • growing number of nodes, faster desktop computers
  • growing number of servers, fatter applications
  • services cannot be centralized,
  • increasing importance of the Internet
  • compound documents (text, graphics), multimedia
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 21 Request for Comments (3)

From Network Design for Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Planning Assumptions and Constraints
  • technology, in-house expertise and manpower
  • financial resources, aversion to risk
  • research/educational needs of various departments
  • scope of the project (backbone, departments)
Key Technologies
  • bridges -have knowledge of Ethernet or Token Ring; have no knowledge of TCP/IP or Apple Talk; designed to improve network performance by filtering network traffic; inexpensive, fast, easy to install and manage
  • routers - operate at layer 3 of OSI RM; have knowledge of higher layer protocols like TCP/IP or AppleTalk; effective in controlling the flow of traffic; enforce security polices; control the propagation of broadcasts; fairly expensive
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 22 Request for Comments (4)

From Network Design for Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Key Technologies (cont.)
  • switches - second generation of bridges; hybrid switch routers; low cost; high performance; used for wiring closets and also central campus hubs
  • Virtual LANs - require sophisticated hardware and software; essential component of future high-performance networks
  • Advanced Network Management - necessary but very expensive; SNMP /RMON; difficult to implement; management with limited success
High-Speed Network Technology (most strategically important)
  • ATM - high speed, guaranteed bandwidth, superior price/performance; immature, complexity, lack of standards
  • FDDI and switched FDDI - backbone technology based on token passing, high speed, firmly established standards, very robust, long distances; rather expensive
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 23 Request for Comments (5)

From Network Design for Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
High-Speed Network Technology (cont)
  • Fast Ethernet - 100baseT -real Ethernet, identical access method and frame format, very easy to integrate with 10baseT, inexpensive, high bandwidth
  • Switched Ethernet and Full-duplex Ethernet - dedicated bandwidth for each computer, collision free segments, full-duplex effectively doubles the bandwidth
Major Backbone Design
  • Request for Comments / Technology / Proposal
  • ATM backbone
  • Non-ATM switched backbone (FDDI, Fast Ethernet)
  • Radical changes vs incremental changes
  • Decision, Purchases, Tests, Implementation
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 24 Request for Proposals (1)

From Network Design for Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
General Information
  • purpose of the Request; who may respond
  • how to respond (paper copy, electronic copy, presentation)
  • how the responses will be evaluated
Background
  • how many students, employees, buildings, computers, mainframes, modems
  • topology of the campus; the Internet connection (ISP, T1)
  • platforms (IBM, SGI, Sun, Windows), protocols (TCP/IP, IPX, AppleTalk), technologies (ATM, FDDI, ISDN)
  • in-house systems manpower / expertise
  • how many people with dial-up access
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 25 Request for Proposals (2)

From Network Design for Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Proposal Guidelines
  • what we want to achieve / expectations
  • both conservative and cost-conscious
  • not committed to any particular technology
Current Network
  • number of Ethernet segments, Novell LANs
  • backbone: how many and type of routers, localization
  • wiring (inter- and intra-building); protocols: IP, AppleTalk
  • addresses: class B, masks, addressing schemas
  • technologies: ATM, FDDI, Ethernet, FE, T1, ISDN, wireless
  • load: for example ~7000 pps or 13 Mbps
  • applications: mail,print, file, web, ftp, oracle, news servers
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 26 Request for Proposals (3)

From Network Design for Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Future Networks (Y2K)
  • expected load : 100,000-500,000 pps (up to 1 Gbps)
  • size: number of segments, buildings, computers
  • applications: real audio/video, web, client/server, multicast
  • quality of service
Concerns
  • reliability (power failures, hardware failures, high load)
  • maintainability (unplanned outages, trouble shooting, software and hardware upgrades)
  • lifetime (vendor support for devices, technologies, potential for increased capacities)
  • cost (major factor; initial, maintenance, manpower)
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 27 Request for Proposals (4)

From Network Design for Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Concerns (cont)
  • complex / new technology; standards and specifications
  • level 3 switching vs true routing
  • flat address space vs subnets (cost of conversion, security, broadcast storms, broadcast / multicast, load on servers, broadcast in the flat address space)
  • service and support (24 x 7)
Product information
  • power and cooling requirements, physical dimensions
  • device description; performance tests; availability
  • cost of equipment, delivery, installation, training, maintenance
  • warranty
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 28 Decision Process - Major Questions (1)

From Network Design for Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
ATM
  • "for" - long-term strategy assumes usage of ATM
  • "against" - ATM will not be used at this time (ATM is not ready)
  • "neutral" - ATM should be acquired and tested
  • decision factors: availability, price, performance, reliability, cost of support, lifetime, in-house expertise
VLAN
  • layer 1,2 and 3 VLANs
  • proprietary status: everything must be bought from the same vendor
ROUTING
  • software with good reputation, mature
  • variety of networking protocols
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 29 Decision Process - Major Questions (2)

From Network Design for Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
ADDRESSING
  • flat addressing : simplicity, easy maintenance but broadcast problems
  • routing: some departments can keep their own address spaces
  • Address space:
    • completely flat address space
    • partially flattened address space
SWITCHING
  • improving performance
  • 10bT switches with 100bT uplinks to 100 Mbps central switches
  • switched-port-per-user strategy
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 30 Decision Process - Major Questions (3)

From Network Design for Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
COST
  • 10 Mbps port ($500 - $4000)
  • 100 Mbps port ($1000 - $15000)
  • cost depends on the vendor and type of the networking device
PERFORMANCE
  • PPS (packet per second) capacity: ~1,000,000 pps
LIFETIME
  • is it possible to buy five years' equipment ?
  • Major upgrades required to improve technology
STRATEGY
  • routed or switched; VLANs or ELANs
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 31 Implementation - VLAN (1)

From Network Design for Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Switches bring high performance and easy administration
Virtual LAN (VLAN) technology solves the problem of broadcast floods in switching network by segmenting it into smaller domains (broadcast traffic is contained within these domains)
VLAN is a collection of workstations grouped by logic instead of geography
Routers interconnect VLANs and filter out unnecessary broadcasts between them. Inter-VLAN communication can be controlled by access lists and traffic filters
Design and management of VLANs can be an administrative nightmare
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 32 Implementation - VLAN (2)

From Network Design for Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
3 types of VLANs
  • Segment- or port-based (Layer 1 VLAN ) : group of LAN segments
  • Medium Access Control (MAC)-based (Layer 2 VLAN): group of MAC addresses
  • Protocol- and subnet-based (Layer 3 VLAN): protocol subnetwork
VLAN 1
VLAN 2
02A07132567DE123
02A034ADF1838451
0235ADF234A78912
0A000123459845301
0A0045ACFAC0002
02A07132567DE771
02A034ADF6638451
0235ADF234A1234C
IP Subnet
128.230.21
IP subnet
128.230.164
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