Applications (5 Chapters)
This section of the book contains 5 chapters. Appl1 is a general discussion; Appl2 is a set 
of about 20 short case studies and Appl3, Appl4 and Appl5 are three long case studies. 
One goal is that a reader should be able to take their favorite application and find a "near-
match" somewhere in the five chapters and so be ready to start parallel computing!

Appl1: General Application Issues (20 Pages) 
The first application chapter contains an introduction to the other four followed by a 
discussion of general strategies that have been found helpful in parallelizing applications. 
We will describe an application as a general set of linked entities (a.k.a. a complex 
system) and initially contrast artificial systems such as financial instruments with 
physical simulations. In latter case, we contrast microscopic or macroscopic entities and 
discuss how the different states of matter (fields, classical particle or quantum 
mechanical) lead to different numerical challenges. We note that some characteristics, 
such as multiple physical scales and phase transitions are pervasive. We describe broad 
issues in applications and algorithms including Partial Differential Equations, Particle 
Dynamics, Circuits, Ordinary Differential Equations, Monte Carlo, Domain 
Decomposition, Pleasingly Parallel, Metaproblems, heuristic algorithms, data analysis, 
preconditioning, synchronous, loosely synchronous, regular and irregular. (This list is 
very mixed up of course -- it will be added to and organized). We discuss differences 
between illustrative and real applications by contrasting Laplace's equation with Navier 
Stokes and complex physics in climate simulations. We will try to discuss typical 
problem sizes and why tera- and peta-(fl)op machines are relevant. Typical issues 
governing performance are discussed. Maybe we can philosophize as to whether 
computational science is a science or an art by illustrating how much experimentation is 
needed to find reliable numerical methods and how different approaches are in seemingly 
similar Application areas. These general remarks should tie to discussion in following 
four chapters which will be summarized in a suitable set of tables.

The discussion of basic numerical methods (PDE, ODE, Monte Carlo etc.) could go to 
Num. Alg. Chapter
Appl2: List of Application Overviews: (about 1.5 to 2 pages each -- Total about 40 
pages)
1. Black holes (Matzner, Fox) - start
2. Astrophysics (Salmon) - start
3. Earthquakes – Rundle,Fox - start
4. Climate – (LANL White, Malone) - start
5. Comp. Chemistry – (Kuppermann, Goddard, McKoy, PNL) - start
6. QCD (Geoffrey, Rajan, Ceperley) - start
7. Accelerators (Ryne – LANL)
8. Plasma Physics (Reynders) - start
9. MDO (Geoffrey)
10. Financial modeling  (Geoffrey)
11. Weather (CAPS, NASA)
12. Comp. Biology – Keck Center, Rice - start
13. Astronomy – T. Prince
14. Scheduling (Bixby) - start
15. Materials (Holian, Lomdahl, Goddard)
16. Combustion (Butler, LANL – Colella)
17. Networks (LANL)
18. Structural, solid mechanics – (DOD, Ortiz)
19. Forces modeling – (GCF, CACR)
20. CFD (Dan, Herb) - start
21. Energy and environment (Mary Wheeler) – start
22. Computational Electromagnetics (DoD Modernization)
23. Signal Processing (DoD Modernization)
24. Electrical Transmission Lines (Geoffrey)

Designation as "Start" implies that one starts with this subset to give exemplars that can 
used to show others how to do their field
Note some of those areas are quite broad and could generate several distinct summaries. 
For instance, Chemistry could generate separate overviews corresponding to applications 
typified by Charmm, Gaussian and Mopack

Template for each application overview 
1. Application overview and summary – field discussion
2. Focused case study – what was parallelized, technology discussion and results
3. References and resources
4. Computational issues including algorithms, software and comments on performance 
needs and hardware dependencies
5. What has been done and what needs to be done

Appl3: Parallel computing in CFD -  special to CRPC – (DIM, HBK) (20 pages)
Intro – context for CFD – impact of CFD on industry
Incompressible CFD, Homotopy, Compressible CFD
Specific mention of AMR

Appl4: Parallel computing in Environment and Energy – Mary Wheeler (20 Pages)
Intro – impact
Specific mention of domain decomposition - multigrid

Appl5: Computational Astrophysics – John Salmon (20 Pages)
Specific mention of multipole techniques
Describe Beowulf and why this can be used here and in other applications


Resource requirements
Assign resource group
Decide if one should videotape authors (can use NPAC LecCorder System)
Collect technical CRPC papers, presentations
Collect Base documents such as MPI and HPF specification 
Collect software such as MPI and HPJava
Glossary
Bibliography