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\title{\bf Involvement of Industry in the National High
Performance Computing and Communication Enterprise}

\author{Geoffrey C. Fox \\
\bf Syracuse University \\
Northeast Parallel Architectures Center \\
111 College Place \\
Syracuse, New York  13244 \\
gcf@npac.syr.edu \\
}

\date{}

\begin{document}
\maketitle

\begin{abstract}
We discuss aspects of a national computer science agenda for
High Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC).  We agree
with the general direction and emphasis of the current program.
In particular, the strong experimental component and linkage of
applications with computer science should be continued.  We
recommend accelerating the emphasis on ``national challenges''
with more applications and technologies from the information,
as compared to simulation areas.  We suggest modifying the
grand challenge concept to complement the current teaming of
particular computer science and applications researchers.  We would
emphasize better linking of each application group to the
entire (inter) national computer science activity.  We express
this in terms of a virtual corporation metaphor.  The same
approach can be used to involve industry in HPCC for both the
consumers of HPCC technology (application industries) and
producers---Independent Software Vendors (ISV) and the hardware
system companies.  We illustrate this approach with InfoMall, a
HPCC technology transfer program funded by New York State.  The
federal program should have greater incentives for the
involvement of both ISV's and their products.
\end{abstract}

\section{Introduction}

This commentary on the National High Performance Computing and
Communications Initiative, and the associated National
Information Infrastructure does not set forth a complete new
program.  This is not necessary---the current federal program
is ``almost right 
\vspace{1.0in}
\noindent on.''  Rather we present a set of remarks
based on the involvement of applications and industry in the
program.  We will consider both the industries that use HPCC as
well as those that (will) produce the new HPCC software and system
products that will drive the integration of HPCC into the mainline
computer industry.

\section{Opportunities for HPCC in\hfill\break Industry}

While at Caltech, one of my major activities involved studying the
parallel software and algorithms needed by large scale scientific and
engineering computation \cite{Angus:90a}, \cite{Fox:88a},
\cite{Fox:94a}.  One of my interests in moving to Syracuse was to
extend this approach, but focus on industrial and not academic
applications.  This activity, now called InfoMall \cite{Fox:93c},
\cite{Mills:93a}, \cite{Mills:94a} is supported by New York State and
aims to accelerate the introduction of High Performance Computing and
Communication technology into the State's industry.  It has three major
components.  Firstly, it involves those industries that uses computers
(i.e., the applications of HPCC, which are described later in this
section).  Secondly, InfoMall seeks to create (enhance) an HPCC
software industry in the State, and Section~3 describes issues
connected with this activity.  The final component of InfoMall is
devoted to training and is especially centered in the mid-Hudson
(Kingston, Poughkeepsie, and Fishkill) area of New York where some
10,000 former IBM engineers are looking for new job
opportunities---InfoMall aids those interested in HPCC careers.  Such
pools of engineers exist in many parts of the country, a byproduct of
the major restructuring in aerospace, manufacturing, computer, and
other industries.  This national resource indicates that we have the
people to implement the integration of HPCC into the country's
industry.  We ``only'' need to identify the viable opportunities and
the necessary funds (venture capital) to implement them.

Now, we discuss which opportunities are in fact viable---this returns
to the first component of InfoMall---what are the relatively near term
industrial applications of HPCC.  The first phase of our New York State
project involved a significant survey reported in
Tables~\ref{tab1.hpcc} to \ref{tab6.hpcc}, which divides possible
applications into four major areas, and then in more refined fashion,
33 classes.  The good news is that as summarized in
Table~\ref{tab2.hpcc} and Column~2 of Tables~\ref{tab1.hpcc} to
\ref{tab4.hpcc}, we already have the necessary, if not the most
productive, software technology needed to implement all of these
applications.  Further, extensive computer science research tested in
grand challenge and other academic and research implementations, has
given us excellent parallel algorithms.  Again, a good argument can be
made in every entry in Tables~\ref{tab1.hpcc} to \ref{tab5.hpcc}, that
HPCC will make a difference and improve the performance and/or
competitiveness of the associated industry.  Nevertheless, only in a
few cases will the return on investment justify the work involved in
implementing the HPCC application.  This conclusion is explained in
\cite{Fox:92e} \cite{Mills:94b}, \cite{Fox:94b}, \cite{Fox:94c},
and here we can only summarize and illustrate this conclusions.  Note 
that the four application classes in Table~\ref{tab1.hpcc} are\@:
\begin{description}
\item[(A)]Table~1,2:\ Simulation or Information Production
\item[(B)]Table~3:\ Data or Information Analysis
\item[(C)]Table~4:\ Access to and Dissemination of Information
\item[(D)]Table~5:\ Integrated Information Services including Components
of the Earlier Categories (A), (B), and (C).
\end{description}

Originally, I had envisioned a major InfoMall activity in the
Simulation (A), as this was the natural counterpart to my personal
academic activity at Caltech, as well the broad national endeavor in
the Federal Grand Challenge Initiative.  However, the clear near-term
value of HPCC simulations in the research applications is not so
obvious in industry.  We can only illustrate this conclusion with one
example here.  Consider the application of HPCC to manufacturing---an
area of exceptional importance and promise.  One can use HPCC for one
or more of the components of manufacturing---such as the first three
classes of Table~\ref{tab1.hpcc}---fluid flow, structural and electromagnetic
simulation.  However, these are in general quite small parts of the
whole manufacturing and design process.  Thus, we see Amdahl's law
applied to manufacturing---if simulation is (for example) 10\% of the
design cycle, then parallelizing this one part can give at best a
speedup of 1.1  We are still dominated by the 90\% remaining
``sequential'' part of the process to which we have not applied HPCC.
Thus, the best opportunity for HPCC lies in its integration into the
entire manufacturing operations.  This will enable agile manufacturing
and as components of this, concurrent engineering and multidisciplinary
analysis and design.  Just considering the latter, this is as shown in
Figure~\ref{fig1.hpcc} a challenging but in principle, perfectly
feasible integration task.  However, the real world makes it ``very
hard''.  Thus, components of Figure~\ref{fig1.hpcc} are existing one
million codes (such as NASTRAN) which not only have to be parallelized,
but also integrated with other major software packages.  Perhaps more
important difficulties are nontechnical issues.  Most manufacturing
companies face restructuring, cutbacks and/or fierce global
competition.  Agile manufacturing implies not only
technology investment and (risky) development, but remaking the whole
engineering process.  Thus, we cannot address manufacturing just as an
HPCC technology problem, but many national infrastructure and education
issues are involved.  I see this area as an exciting long-term area for
HPCC, which need major government investment as industry will find it
hard to justify the investment based on a typical one to three year
return.

\begin{figure}
\centerline{\psfig{figure=fig1.hpcc.eps,clip=true,width=3.25in}}
\caption{Software Structure for Multidisciplinary Analysis and Design}
\label{fig1.hpcc}
\end{figure}

Returning to the survey of Tables~\ref{tab1.hpcc} to \ref{tab6.hpcc},
we found (in New York State) much more near-term promise in the
information related applications (B), (C), and (D).  There are several
reasons for this.  The simplest reason is phase space---information
processing always has been the dominant use of computers in business
and this is likely to be accentuated and not decreased in the future.
Further, one ``only'' needs to parallelize a few software pieces (e.g.,
implement a parallel database) to enable a large set of applications.
Although very challenging, this task is well underway commercially
with, for instance, Oracle~7.1 supporting parallel query.  In contrast,
simulation has no single ``killer application'' and each piece of
software is typically only used in specialized fashion.  The National
Information Infrastructure (NII) applications in (C), parallel servers
on high-speed networks, have another advantageous feature---namely they
are ``new'', that is, involve developing software from scratch and not
as in many simulation applications, porting existing sequential codes.
It is clearly easier to justify the investment in parallel machines for
new software systems than for the cases when porting of large existing
systems is involved.

This is a rambling story and incomplete to boot---what do we deduce
from it?  I concluded that information processing is the most promising
role for the HPCC industry.  Correspondingly, I have redirected our New
York State funded activities in this area.  Our project must focus on relatively
near term opportunities to satisfy its (funded) economic development
goals of job creation.  However, the federal government needs to
support both simulation and information processing related
technologies---HPCC simulation will be critical in the long run and not
an easy investment for industry.  Thus, I support the broadening of the
Grand Challenges to include a new set of National Challenges focussed
on information based applications.  This should not only feature NII
applications (C) (and parts of (D)), but also the basic information
analysis cases in Table~\ref{tab3.hpcc}.  In fact, as the NII does not yet exist
except as the comparatively low bandwidth internet, industrial interest
will initially center on those cases in Tables~\ref{tab3.hpcc} and
\ref{tab5.hpcc}, which do not
require the pervasive multimegabit/second network for everybody,
everywhere and at every time promised by the NII.

\section{Technology Transfer and\hfill\break the Role of Grand
Challenge\hfill\break Teams}

The approximately 50 Grand Challenge teams have been correctly set up
as collaborations between computer scientists and application types.
This can help the particular computer scientists if the application
uses, evaluates and motivates further development of their personal
technology.  I have seen this is in many grand challenges and have
concerns because this is important, but only half the story.  Thus, we
also need to understand and develop the best computer technologies in
the world for this application.  From this point of view, we have the
application and not computer science driving the technology.  This
identifies another role for the computer science members of the grand
challenge team.  They should act as a window (educational/knowledge
source) into the best HPCC technology that one can bring to bear on the
application.  One needs applications to act as testbeds for new HPCC
technologies.  However, in the grand challenges, I suggest that an
application pull is most appropriate, and that in general other
(funding) mechanisms be used for the application testbeds (computer
science pull) which are also definitely needed, especially at the
initial stages of technology development.

We have embodied this concept into the model for technology transfer in
InfoMall, which is illustrated from two points of view in
Figures~\ref{fig2.hpcc} and \ref{fig3.hpcc}.  We have a world wide
customer (application) pull (on right side of figures) that feeds from
a world wide pool of HPCC technologies (left side of figures).  These
are fed through the ``window'' discussed above into a software
capitalization (InfoTech) process that produces usable prototype
systems, which can be commercialized at lower risk than raw
technologies.  Key to this InfoMall engine is the entrepreneur or ISV
(Independent Software Vendor) who takes InfoTech products, and with
traditional economic development support, produces the HPCC products
brought to the customer by the marketing and system integration
components of InfoMall.  InfoMall offers to ISV's the special high
technology support (Table~\ref{tab8.hpcc}) needed for an entrepreneur
in HPCC.  This includes both access to facilities and educational
resources, as mentioned earlier in context of our mid-Hudson project.

\begin{figure*}
\centerline{\psfig{figure=fig2.hpcc.eps,clip=true,width=5.5in}}
\caption{InfoMall Process for Technology Development.
(RAP) Reusable Application Pieces (RTP) Reusable
Technology Pieces}
\label{fig2.hpcc}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}
\centerline{\psfig{figure=fig3.hpcc.eps,clip=true,width=5.5in}}
\caption{InfoMall bridges the gulf between technology developers and
consumers in a number of steps.  Traditional technology transfer
models make one big leap.}
\label{fig3.hpcc}
\end{figure*}

\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\caption{\bf Simulation Opportunities for HPCC in Industry}
\vspace{10pt}
\label{tab1.hpcc}
\begin{tabular}{|ll|}
\hline
& \\
\multicolumn{1}{|c}{\bf Application Areas}
& \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\bf Machine and} \\
\multicolumn{1}{|c}{\bf and Comments}& \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\bf Software} \\
& \\
\hline
& \\
(1)\ {\bf Computational}&SIMD \\
\phantom{(1)\ }{\bf Fluid Dynamics}&MIMD for \\
\phantom{(1)\ }PDE, FEM&irregular, adaptive \\
\phantom{(1)\ }Turbulence &{\bf HPF} and \\
\phantom{(1)\ }Mesh Generation&{\bf ADAPTIVE} \\
\hline
(2)\ {\bf Structural Dynamics}&MIMD as Complex \\
\phantom{(2)\ }PDE, FEM&geometry \\
\phantom{(2)\ }Dominated by &{\bf HPF} and \\
\phantom{(2)\ }Vendor Codes&{\bf ADAPTIVE} \\
\hline
(3)\ {\bf Electromagnetic}& \\
\phantom{(3)\ }{\bf Simulation}& \\
\phantom{(3)\ }PDE Moment & SIMD \\
\phantom{(3)\ }method (matrix & {\bf HPF} \\
\phantom{(3)\ }inversion dominates) & \\ 
\phantom{(3)\ }$\underline{\phantom{Structural Dynamics\ }}$ &\\
\cline{2-2}
\phantom{(3)\ }Later FEM, FD?&SIMD, MIMD, \\
\phantom{(3)\ }Fast Multipole&{\bf HPF} and \\
&{\bf ADAPTIVE} \\
\hline
(4)\ {\bf Scheduling}&MIMD (unclear \\
\phantom{(4)\ }Expert systems& speedup) \\ 
\phantom{(4)\ }and/or&{\bf Asynchronous} \\ 
\phantom{(4)\ }$\underline{\phantom{Structural Dynamics\ }}$ &\\
\cline{2-2}
\phantom{(4)\ }Neural Networks,&SIMD \\
\phantom{(4)\ }Simulated Annealing & {\bf HPF} \\
\phantom{(4)\ }$\underline{\phantom{Structural Dynamics\ }}$ &\\
\cline{2-2}
\phantom{(4)\ }Linear Programming&MIMD \\
\phantom{(4)\ }(hard sparse matrix)&ADAPTIVE \\
\hline
(5)\ {\bf Environmental}&SIMD \\
\phantom{(5)\ }{\bf Modeling} (Ocean, &MIMD for irregular, \\
\phantom{(5)\ }Earth, Atmosphere&adaptive mesh \\
\phantom{(5)\ }model)&{\bf HPF} and \\
\phantom{(5)\ }PDE, FD, FEM&{\bf ADAPTIVE}\\
\phantom{(5)\ }Sensitivity to data& \\
\hline
(6)\ {\bf Environmental}&Some SIMD \\
\phantom{(6)\ }{\bf Modeling} &MIMD more natural \\
\phantom{(6)\ }(complex systems)&{\bf HPF} \\
\phantom{(6)\ }Empirical models & \\
\phantom{(6)\ }Monte Carlo and& \\
\phantom{(6)\ }Histograms& \\
\hline
(7)\ {\bf Basic Chemistry}&MIMD \\
\phantom{(7)\ }Calculate Matrix & (maybe SIMD) \\
\phantom{(7)\ }elements&{\bf HPF} \\
\phantom{(7)\ }Matrix Eigenvalue & \\
\phantom{(7)\ }Multiplication, & \\
\phantom{(7)\ }Inversion & \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table}

\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\caption{\bf Simulation Opportunities for HPCC in Industry (contd.)}
\vspace{10pt}
\label{tab2.hpcc}
\begin{tabular}{|ll|}
\hline
& \\
\multicolumn{1}{|c}{\bf Application Areas}& 
\multicolumn{1}{c|}{\bf Machine and} \\
\multicolumn{1}{|c}{\bf and Comments}&\multicolumn{1}{c|}{\bf Software} \\
& \\
\hline
& \\
(8)\ {\bf Molecular Dynamics}&{\bf HPF} and \\
\phantom{(8)\ }Particle Dynamics&{\bf ADAPTIVE} \\
\phantom{(8)\ }with irregular cutoff& \\
\phantom{(8)\ }forces & \\
\phantom{(8)\ }Fast Multipole methods & \\
\phantom{(8)\ }Mix of PDE and & \\
\phantom{(8)\ }Particles in PIC or & \\
\phantom{(8)\ }DSMC & \\
\hline
(9)\ {\bf Economic Modeling}& \\
\phantom{(9)\ }Individual (Monte Carlo) & SIMD, {\bf HPF} \\
\phantom{(9)\ }Full simulations of & MIMD, SIMD \\
\phantom{(9)\ }portfolios & {\bf Integration} \\
\hline
(10)\ {\bf Network Simulations}&MIMD, {\bf HPF} \\
\phantom{(10)\ }Sparse matrices; Zero&for matrix elements. \\
\phantom{(10)\ }structure defined by & Library matrix solver \\
\phantom{(10)\ }network connectivity& is {\bf ADAPTIVE} \\
\hline
(11)\ {\bf Particle Transport}&MIMD \\
\phantom{(11)\ }{\bf Problems}&{\bf HPF} \\
\phantom{(11)\ }Monte Carlo methods & \\
\phantom{(11)\ }as in neutron & \\
\phantom{(11)\ }transport for & \\
\phantom{(11)\ }explosion Simulations & \\
\hline
(12)\ {\bf Graphics} (rendering)&MIMD \\
\phantom{(12)\ }Several operation&{\bf ADAPTIVE} \\
\phantom{(12)\ }Parallel Ray Tracers & \\
\phantom{(12)\ }Distributed model hard & \\
\hline
(13)\ {\bf Integrated Complex} & Timewarp \\
\phantom{(13)\ }{\bf Systems Simulations}& or other ED \\
\phantom{(13)\ }Event driven (ED) and&{\bf Asynchronous} \\
\cline{2-2}
\phantom{(13)\ }Time Stepped (TS) & {\bf Integration} \\
\phantom{(13)\ }Simulations & Software \\
\phantom{(13)\ }Virtual Reality & Database \\ \cline{2-2}
\phantom{(13)\ }Interfaces & {\bf HPF} and \\
\phantom{(13)\ }Database backends&{\bf ADAPTIVE} \\
\phantom{(13)\ }Interactive&for TS simulation \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table}

\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\caption{\bf Information Analysis---``Data Mining''---Opportunities
for HPCC in Industry}
\vspace{10pt}
\label{tab3.hpcc}
\begin{tabular}{|ll|}
\hline
& \\
\multicolumn{1}{|c}{\bf Application Areas}
& \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\bf Machine and} \\
\multicolumn{1}{|c}{\bf Comments}& \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\bf Software} \\
& \\
\hline
& \\
(14)\ {\bf Seismic and}&SIMD, maybe MIMD \\
\phantom{(14)\ }{\bf Environmental}&needed \\
\phantom{(14)\ }No oil in NY State&{\bf HPF} \\
\phantom{(14)\ }Parallel Computer& \\
\phantom{(14)\ }already important& \\
\hline
(15)\ {\bf Image Processing}&Metacomputer \\
\phantom{(15)\ }$\bullet$ Commercial&for full problem \\ \cline{2-2}
\phantom{(15)\ $\bullet$\ }Applications of & Low Level \\
\phantom{(15)\ $\bullet$\ }Defense Technology & SIMD, {\bf HPF} \\
\cline{2-2}
\phantom{(15)\ }$\bullet$ Component of & Medium/High level \\
\phantom{(15)\ $\bullet$\ }many Information&MIMD \\
\phantom{(15)\ $\bullet$\ }Integration&{\bf ADAPTIVE} \\ \cline{2-2}
\phantom{(15)\ $\bullet$\ }Applications, e.g.,&{\bf Integration} Software \\
\phantom{(15)\ $\bullet$\ }Computer Vision in&{\bf Asynchronous} \\
\phantom{(15)\ $\bullet$\ }Robotics&Database \\
\hline
(16)\ {\bf Statistical}&{\bf HPF} adequate for \\
\phantom{(16)\ }{\bf Analysis} Packages&many libraries \\
\phantom{(16)\ }(libraries) & \\
\phantom{(16)\ }Optimization & \\
\phantom{(16)\ }Histograms & \\
\phantom{(16)\ }(see category 4) & \\
\hline
(17)\ {\bf Healthcare Fraud}&SIMD or MIMD \\
\phantom{(17)\ }(also credit card,&Database \\
\phantom{(17)\ }securities)&Access (Parallel SQL \\
\phantom{(17)\ }Linkage analysis&plus category 16) \\
\phantom{(17)\ }database records for & \\
\phantom{(17)\ }correlations& \\
\hline
(18)\ {\bf Market}&{\bf ADAPTIVE} \\
\phantom{(18)\ }{\bf Segmentation}&Some cases are SIMD \\
\phantom{(18)\ }Sort and Classify&Parallel SQL plus \\
\phantom{(18)\ }records to determine&category 16 \\
\phantom{(18)\ }customer preference & \\
\phantom{(18)\ }by region (city $\rightarrow$ & \\
\phantom{(18)\ }house) & \\
& \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table}

\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\caption{\bf Information Access: InfoVision---Information, Video,
Imagery and Simulation on Demand---High Performance Multimedia
Computing and Communications}
\vspace{10pt}
\label{tab4.hpcc}
\begin{tabular}{|ll|}
\hline
& \\
(19)\ Transaction&MIMD \\
\phantom{(19)\ }Processing&Database \\
\phantom{(19)\ }Database-most& \\
\phantom{(19)\ }transactions short.  As& \\
\phantom{(19)\ }add ``value'' this & \\
\phantom{(19)\ }becomes information & \\
\phantom{(19)\ }Integration & \\
\hline
(20)\ Collaboratory&High Speed \\
\phantom{(20)\ }Research Center or & Network \\
\phantom{(20)\ }doctor(s)---patient & \\
\phantom{(20)\ }interaction without & \\
\phantom{(20)\ }regard to physical & \\
\phantom{(20)\ }location & \\
\hline
(21)\ $\underline{\rm Text\ on\ Demand}$&MIMD \\
\phantom{(21)\ }Multimedia database&Database \\
\phantom{(21)\ }Full text search & \\
\hline
(22)\ $\underline{\rm Video\ on\ Demand}$&MIMD \\
\phantom{(22)\ }Multimedia Database&Database \\
\phantom{(22)\ }Interactive VCR,&Compression \\
\phantom{(22)\ }Video Browsing, Link&(SIMD) Video \\
\phantom{(22)\ }of video and text&Editing \\
\phantom{(22)\ }database&Software \\
\hline
(23)\ $\underline{\rm Imagery\ on\ Demand}$&MIMD but \\
\phantom{(23)\ }Multimedia database&much SIMD \\
\phantom{(23)\ }Image Understanding&image analysis \\
\phantom{(23)\ }for content searching & \\
\phantom{(23)\ }and feature & \\
\phantom{(23)\ }identification & \\
\hline
(24)\ $\underline{\rm Simulation\ on}$&SIMD terrain \\
\phantom{(24)\ }$\underline{\rm Demand}$&engine (parallel \\
\phantom{(24)\ }Multimedia map&rendering) \\
\phantom{(24)\ }flight simulator&MIMD \\
\phantom{(24)\ }Geographical&database \\
\phantom{(24)\ }Information System & {\bf Integration} \\
&software \\
& \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table}

\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\caption{\bf Information Integration Opportunities for HPCC}
\vspace{10pt}
\label{tab5.hpcc}
\begin{tabular}{|cp{2.75in}|}
\hline
& \\
$\Box$&These involve combinations of Information Production, Analysis
and Access and thus need software and machine architecture issues
given for these ``subproblems'' \\
&$\bullet$ Systems of Systems \\
& \\
25&Command and Control \\
&\ \ $\bullet$ Battle Management, Command, Control, Communication,
Intelligence and Surveillance (BMC$^3$IS) \\
&\ \ $\bullet$ Military Decision Support \\
&\ \ $\bullet$ Crisis Management \\
& \\
26&SIMNET---Military Simulation with computers and people in the loop \\
27&Business decision support \\
&\ \ $\bullet$ Health Care \\
& \\
28&Political decision support \\
&United Nations uses video and multilingual newspaper \\
&(Maxwell School at Syracuse University) \\
& \\
29&Robotics \\
& \\
30&Electronic banking \\
& \\
31&Electronic shopping \\
& \\
32& Agile Manufacturing---Multidisciplinary \\
& Design---Concurrent Engineering \\
&\ \ $\bullet$ MADIC Industrial Consortium \\
& \\
33&Education \\
& \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table}

\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\caption{\bf Abbreviations used in Tables 1--4}
\vspace{10pt}
\label{tab6.hpcc}
\begin{tabular}{|lp{2.25in}|}
\hline
& \\
PDE&Partial Differential Equation \\
FEM&Finite Element Method \\
FD&Finite Difference \\
ED&Event Driven Simulation \\
TS&Time Stepped Simulation \\
CFD&Computational Fluid Dynamics \\
VR&Virtual Reality \\
{\bf HPF}&High Performance Fortran \\
{\bf Adaptive}&Software for Irregular Loosely Synchronous Problems \\
&handled by pC++, HPF extensions, Message Passing \\
{\bf Asynchronous}&Software for asynchronous problems \\
{\bf Integration} &Software to integrate components \\
Software&of metaproblems \\
& \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table}

We believe that major efforts should be made to increase the role of
all parts of industry in the HPCC program.  This should include the
users with realistic estimates of the time scale on which HPCC will be
useful technology---as illustrated in Section~2, this will certainly
vary from case to case.  However, the ISV's are also critical for
there can be no HPCC hardware or systems business, and no significant
user base, without ISV's linking them.  We see at least three ways how
the HPCC program could encourage the HPCC software industry.
\begin{enumerate}
\item Encourage federal proposals that use commercial rather than home
grown software systems.  I am reminded of a story of one computer
vendor who complained that computer scientists could not buy their
system because the commercial systems software was too good---one
could only get federal funding to build software for systems where
the existing commercial offerings were poor.  Instead, we should
encourage research that builds on top of existing commercial software.
We should encourage the latter to offer open interfaces enabling this
strategy.

\item Change the funding of MPP to explicitly encourage purchase of
software, as well as hardware---recently, I was told that HPCC systems
software companies were nonviable.  One couldn't sell HPCC software
unless it was bundled with an expensive piece of hardware.  That's why
we have so many MPP companies.....

\item Examine federal funding of software and structure it so that it
encourages ISV's.  This would include funding explicit software
capitalization (InfoTech) activities.  Secondly, one needs to ensure
that federal projects enhance rather than compete with commercial
activities.  We need open (free) interfaces and not necessarily free
software.
\end{enumerate}

The above picture is that of a virtual corporation with products built
of interoperable multiuse modules---each module in principle built by a
separate organization, which are linked together in InfoMall to give a
complete product.  The HPCC national endeavor offers the possibility of
a far larger and more exciting and important virtual corporation.  This
will only be possible when greater encouragement is given for software
and user industries to participate in and benefit from HPCC.

\begin{table*}
\begin{center}
\caption{Runtime Software Support for Tables 1 to 5}
\label{tab7.hpcc}
\centerline{\psfig{figure=tab7.hpcc.eps,clip=true,width=6.5in}}
\vspace{10pt}
{\bf Imprecise Mapping of Runtime Language in Tables 1--7} \\
{\bf into Problem Class and Language Terms} \\
\vspace{15pt}
\begin{tabular}{|lp{4.5in}|}
\hline
& \\
STATIC&Synchronous and Embarrassingly Parallel Problems---current HPF
(High Performance Fortran) \\
ADAPTIVE&Loosely Synchronous but not Synchronous---future capabilities
of extended High Performance Fortran (HPF+) but can be supported well in
message passing \\
ASYNCHRONOUS&Asynchronous \\
INTEGRATION&Metaproblems \\
&AVS works well but also can be integrated into languages such as
HPC++, Fortran-M \\
& \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}
\begin{center}
\caption{\bf What Does HPCC Small Software Systems Business Need?}
\vspace{10pt}
\label{tab8.hpcc}
\begin{tabular}{|cl|}
\hline
& \\
\multicolumn{2}{|l|}{\bf General: Economic Development Services} \\
& \\
$\square$ & Conventional start-up assistance \\
& $\bullet$\ \ Incubator space \\
& $\bullet$\ \ Marketing and administrative help \\
& $\bullet$\ \ Tax breaks $\ldots$ \\
& \\
$\square$ & Funding \\
& $\bullet$\ \ Venture and other private capital \\
& \\
\hline
& \\
& \\
\hline
& \\
\multicolumn{2}{|l|}{\bf InfoMall Services} \\
& \\
$\square$ & Funding (continued) \\
& $\bullet$\ \ Support in SBIR Grants \\
& $\bullet$\ \ Support in Other Federal Grants \\
& \\
$\square$ & Enabling Technologies \\
& $\bullet$\ \ Technologies needed for specific product \\
& $\bullet$\ \ Technologies/Interfaces used in other products \\
& \phantom{$\bullet$\ \ }with which this must integrate \\
& \\
$\square$ & Access to HPCC facilities \\
& $\bullet$\ \ Distributed workstations \\
& $\bullet$\ \ High speed networks \\
& $\bullet$\ \ Central state of the art parallel computers \\
& $\bullet$\ \ Visualization support \\
& \\
$\square$ & Support for Virtual Corporation of several small companies \\
& $\bullet$\ \ Distributed Collaboration Technologies \\
& \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table*}
\clearpage

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