1. High Performance Computing and Communications
    1. Presented: June 23 - July 5, 1995
    2. Beijing and Harbin, China
  2. Overview of Talk
    1. %What is NPAC?
    2. %HPCC
      1. !One Person's Perspective
      2. !The HPCCI and NII, Grand and National Challenges
    3. %Technical Topics (Opportunities for Collaboration)
      1. !NPAC's Core Technologies and Computing Facilities
      2. !Computational Science and Research
      3. !Computer Science
      4. !Computational Science Education
      5. !InfoMall: Technology Transfer and Commercialization
  3. What Is NPAC?
    1. %Northeast Parallel Architectures Center of Syracuse University
    2. %Directed by Geoffrey C. Fox
      1. !Professor of Physics and Computer Science
    3. %Over 25 Professional and Support Staff Plus
      1. !Over 10 Syracuse University Academic Collaborators and Over 28 Student Researchers
      2. !Over 50 Non-Syracuse University Member Organizations
    4. %Computing Facilities
  4. NPAC Funding CY95: $4,620K*
    1. %New York State$1,700K36.8%
      1. !Operations$700K15.2%
      2. !Infrastructure$1,000K21.6%
    2. %Industry Projects$430K9.3%
    3. %Federal Government$2,290K49.5%
      1. !InfoVision (US Air Force)$440K9.5%
      2. !Base HPCC (CRPC)$1,150K24.9%
      3. !HPCC Simulations$300K8.6%
      4. !HPCC Education$400K8.6%
    4. %Syracuse University$200K4.3%
  5. NPAC Collaborators:
  6. Internal, Syracuse University
    1. %Computer Science and Computer Engineering
    2. %Physics Department
    3. %Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
    4. %Environmental Engineering
    5. %Chemistry (and other Science and Engineering Departments)
    6. %School of Information Studies (IST)
    7. %School of Education
    8. %Newhouse School of Public Communications and University Electronic Media Services Group
    9. %Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs
    10. %Management School
  7. Examples of NPAC Enabled Revenue
    1. %Applied Parallel Technologies, $2M from NIST
    2. %Sonnet, from ARPA
    3. %Syracuse Research Corporation, from Air Force
    4. %Multi disciplinary Analysis and Design Industrial Consortium (MADIC), $1M from NASA
    5. %Portland Group (licenses NPAC Fortran 90D technology, from ARPA
    6. %The Ultra Corporation, $2M from US DoD
  8. NPAC Collaborators:External (1 of 2)
    1. %Abrams/Gentile Entertainment, Inc.
    2. %Applied Parallel Technologies
    3. %Booz, Allen & Hamilton, Inc.
    4. %Center for Research on Parallel Computation (CRPC):
      1. !Argonne National Laboratory
      2. !California Institute of Technology
      3. !Los Alamos National Laboratory
      4. !Rice University
      5. !Syracuse University
      6. !University of Tennessee at Knoxville
    5. %Central New York Technology Development Organization
    6. %Columbia University
    7. %Communigration, Inc.
    8. %Computer Applications and Software Engineering (CASE) Center
  9. NPAC Collaborators:External (2 of 2)
    1. %MasPar Computer Corporation
    2. %Microelectronics and Computer Technology Consortium (MCC)
    3. %Mohawk Valley Applied Technology Commission
    4. %New York City Partnership, Inc.
    5. %New York Photonics Development Corporation
    6. %Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation
    7. %Northeast Parallel Architectures Center (NPAC)
    8. %NYNEX
    9. %NYSERnet
    10. %Oracle Corporation
    11. %Par Technology Corporation
  10. InfoMall: Technology Transfer and Commercialization
  11. NPAC Computing Facilities
  12. NPAC Computing Infrastructure
  13. Wide Area ATM Infrastructure
  14. NPAC Programs
    1. %Core Technologies R&D
    2. %Computing and Infrastructure Facilities O&M
    3. %Computational Science Research
    4. %Computational Science Education
    5. %Computer Science
    6. %HPCC Technology Transfer and Commercialization
  15. NPAC's HPCC Programs
  16. Overview of Talk - HPCC
    1. %What is NPAC?
    2. %HPCC
      1. !A Perspective
      2. !The HPCCI and NII, Grand and National Challenges
    3. %Technical Topics (Opportunities for Collaboration)
      1. !NPAC's Core Technologies and Computing Facilities
      2. !Computational Science and Research
      3. !Computer Science
      4. !Computational Science Education
      5. !InfoMall: Technology Transfer and Commercialization
  17. HPCC - Philosophy and Culture
    1. %What Is HPCC?
    2. %What Is It Used For?
    3. %Some History (Fox at Caltech/JPL)
      1. !Real software on real machines solving real problems"
      2. !Computational Science
    4. %The Federally Funded HPCC and NII Initiatives
    5. %Where Is It Going? (The Business Outlook)
  18. What Is HPCC?
    1. %What Is "High Performance"
      1. !Speed and Memory - Primary and Secondary
      2. !Multi- Purpose: Grand and National Challenges
      3. !Parallelism (and/or Distributed - NEW!)
    2. %All Computing Is Constantly Improving
      1. !High Performance Chips
        1. #Cycles per second
        2. #Instruction Sets, Pipelining, Superscalar (Multiple Instruction Issue)
      2. !Memory Hierarchies
  19. Performance of Supercomputer Class Computers
  20. Who Uses High Performance Computers?
    1. %High Energy Physics
    2. %Semiconductor Industry, VLSI Design
    3. %Graphics and Virtual Reality
    4. %Weather and Ocean Modeling
    5. %Visualization
    6. %Oil Industry
    7. %Automobile Industry
    8. %Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Industry
    9. %Financial Applications
    10. %Business Applications
    11. %Airline Industry
  21. Some History
    1. %Before 1980: Illiac IV, ICL DAP, MPP
      1. !All SIMD
      2. !Cray 1 Introduced In 1976
    2. %Early 1980s: HEP, Cray X-MP/22, NYU UltraComputer (and IBM RP3)
    3. %1983: The Birth of the Hypercube:
      1. !The Caltech Cosmic Cube
      2. !Charles Seitz and Geoffrey Fox
      3. !The Caltech Concurrent Computation Program (C3P)
  22. Methodology for Computation
  23. The Caltech/JPL Hypercube
    1. %1983 - First 64-node Mark I Hypercube operational at CIT as collaboration between Seitz & Fox (CrOS)
    2. %1984 - JPL joins campus collaboration; designs and builds 32-node Mark II Hypercube
    3. %1985 -128-node Mark II operational
      1. !Mark III project begun in earnest
      2. !Three commercial Hypercubes on market
    4. %1986 - Mark III operational (~10x performance of Mark II)
    5. %1987 -Strategic Defense Initiative applications and simulations (Mercury and Centuar OS)
      1. !Weitek based > 10 megaflop/node daughter board added: Mark III fp
    6. %1988 -128-node > 1 gigaflop computer (Mark IIIfp)
  24. The Ten Pioneer Applications Within C3P
  25. Simulation (Emulation) of Large, Complex System of Systems
  26. A Strategic Defense Simulation
  27. Some More History
    1. %Mid-1980s: Sequent and Encore
      1. !Cost/performance better than 10 compared with VAX
      2. !Reliable hardware and software
      3. !Also the Alliant
      4. !Other Hypercubes: Intel, nCUBE, Ametek, Floating Point Systems
    2. %Late-1980s:
      1. !Meiko (T800), CM-2, MasPar
      2. !Then nCUBE-2 and iPSC/860
    3. %Early-1990s
      1. !Intel Touchstone Delta System, built for C3P (Fox)
      2. !The Intel Paragon, BBN TC2000, CM-5
  28. Overview of Talk: HPCCI, NII
    1. %What is NPAC?
    2. %HPCC
      1. !One Person's Perspective
      2. !The HPCCI and NIIGrand and National Challenges
    3. %Technical Topics (Opportunities)
      1. !NPAC's Core Technologies and Computing Facilities
      2. !Computational Science and Research
      3. !Computer Science
      4. !Computational Science Education
      5. !InfoMall: Technology Transfer and Commercialization
  29. The High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative
    1. %High Performance Computing Act of 1991
  30. HPCCI Goals
    1. %Computational performance of one trillion operations per second on a wide range of important applications
    2. %Development of associated system software, tools, and improved algorithms
    3. %A national research network capable of one billion bits per second
    4. %Sufficient production of PhDs in computational science and engineering
  31. The Blue Books
  32. Supplements to the President's Fiscal Year Budget
    1. %1992: Grand Challenges
    2. %1993: Grand Challenges
    3. %1994: Toward a National Information Infrastructure
    4. %1995:Technology for the National Information Infrastructure
    5. %1996:Foundation for America's Information Future
  33. http:/www.hpcc.gov/
  34. he Blue Book Covers
  35. Description of 1996 Cover Images
    1. %Top row left to right:
      1. !Members of team that broke the computing systems world speed record
      2. !Cryosection image from the Visible Human Male
      3. !Biological enzyme that is a candidate for applications outside of living systems
    2. %Middle row left to right:
      1. !Molecule modeled using parallelized molecular dynamics software
      2. !72-hour forecast made in August 1994 for Tropical Storm Gordon
      3. !High school students use the Internet to access other students' publications
    3. %Bottom row left to right:
      1. !A scientist uses virtual reality to explore the Earth's atmosphere
      2. !Remotely visualizing data from a high voltage electron microscope
      3. !A wafer containing multiple PIM (Processor-in Memory) chips
    4. %Background:
      1. !Detail from a cosmological simulation
  36. The 1996 Blue Book
    1. %High Performance Communications
    2. %High Performance Computing Systems
    3. %Advanced Software Technologies
    4. %Technologies for Information Infrastructure
    5. %High Performance Computing Research Facilities
    6. %Grand Challenge Applications
    7. %National Challenge Applications
    8. %Basic Research and Human Resources
  37. High Performance Communications
    1. %Internetworking R&D
      1. !Evolution of the Internet
    2. %Gigabit-Speed Networking
    3. %Wireless Technologies
    4. %Network Integrated Computing
    5. %Enhanced Internet Connectivity
  38. Gigabit Network Test Sites
  39. Magic
  40. ATD Net
  41. High Performance Computing Systems
    1. %Microsystems
    2. %Embedded Systems
    3. %Networks of Workstations (NOW)
    4. %Rapid Prototyping Facility
    5. %Specialized Very High Performance Architectures
    6. %Mass Storage
  42. Rapid Prototyping Facility
    1. %A wafer containing multiple PIM (Processor-in-Memory) chips, each with 128kb of memory and 64 processors. 0.25M of these process
    Specialized Very High Performance Architectures
    1. Components of a prototype superconductive crossbar switch being developed at NSA. Data are transferred (via ribbon cable) from room temperature to cryogenic temperatures and back to room temperature at 2.5 Gb/s. A full 128-by-128 configuration is intended for use as a switch for massively parallel computer memory data transfers.
  43. Advanced Software Technologies
    1. %Software Systems
    2. %Scalable I/O
    3. %Programming Languages and Compilers
    4. %Computational Techniques
    5. %Performance Measurement
  44. Scalable I/O
    1. %Snapshot of the dynamic patterns of read behavior in a parallel version of software to calculate electron-molecule cross-section
    Unstructured Mesh Computation With PUMAA3D
    1. %New techniques adaptively refine, de-refine, and partition meshes to accurately model rapidly changing solutions such as those t
    Handling Irregular Data With CHAOS
    1. %Input molecule for the CHARMM molecular dynamics software that has been parallelized on multiple systems using the CHAOS runtime
    Automated Instrumentation and Monitoring System (AIMS)
  45. Performance of a Toroidal Architecture
    1. %This hyperbolic scrollable display that maps the three-dimensional toroidal Cray Research T3D network onto the two-dimensional w
    Vis5D
    1. %Application of Vis5D to EPA's Regional Acid Deposition Model shows transparent volume rendering of sulfur dioxide (the red fog)
    Technologies for the National Information Infrastructure
    1. %Information Infrastructure services Technologies (HORUS, SLIDS, Adaptive Communications, TRAVLER, Wide-Area File System, FICUS, %World Wide Web (WWW) and NCSA Mosaic
    2. %Security and Privacy
    3. %Information Infrastructure Applications Technologies
  46. High Performance Computing Research Facilities
    1. %NSF Supercomputing Centers
    2. %NSF Science and Technology Centers
    3. %NASA Testbeds
    4. %DOE Laboratories
    5. %NIH Systems
    6. %NOAA Laboratories
    7. %EPA Systems
  47. NASA Testbeds
  48. Grand Challenge Applications
    1. %Applied Fluid Dynamics
    2. %Meso- to Macro-Scale Environmental Modeling
    3. %Ecosystem Simulations
    4. %Biomedical Imaging and Biomechanics
    5. %Molecular Biology
    6. %Molecular design and Process Optimization
    7. %Cognition
    8. %Fundamental Computational sciences
    9. %Grand-Challenge-Scale Applications
  49. Applied Fluid Dynamics
    1. %Computational Aeroscience
    2. %Coupled Field Problems and GAFD (Geophysical and Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics) Turbulence
    3. %Combustion Modeling: Adaptive Grid Methods
    4. %Oil Reservoir Modeling: Parallel Algorithms for Modeling Flow in Permeable Media
    5. %Numerical Tokamak Project (NTP)
  50. Computational Aeroscience
    1. %Analysis to define the flow physics involved in compressor stall. It suggested a variety of approaches to improve the performanc
    Coupled Field Problems and GAFD Turbulence
    1. %An image from a video illustrating the flutter analysis of a FALCON jet under a sequence of transonic speed maneuvers. Areas of
    Combustion Modeling: Adaptive Grid Methods
    1. %Fuel flow around the stagnation plate in a pulse combustor. A burning cycle drives a resonant pressure wave, which in turn enhan
    Numerical Tokamak Project
    1. %Particle trajectories and electrostatic potentials from a three- dimensional implicit tokamak plasma simulation employing adapti
    Meso- to Macro-Scale Environmental Modeling
    1. %Massively Parallel Atmospheric Modeling Projects
    2. %Parallel Ocean Modeling
    3. %Mathematical Modeling of Air Pollution Dynamics
    4. %A Distributed Computational System for Large Scale Environmental Modeling
    5. %Cross-Media (Air and Water) Linkage
    6. %Adaptive Coordination of Predictive Models with Experimental Data
    7. %Global Climate Modeling
    8. %Four-Dimensional Data Assimilation for Massive Earth System Data Analysis
  51. Mathematical Modeling of Air Pollution Dynamics
    1. %Ozone concentrations for the California South Coast Air Basin predicted by the Caltech research model show a large region in whi
    Distributed Computational System for Large Scale Environmental Modeling
    1. %Ozone concentrations for the California South Coast Air Basin predicted by the Caltech research model show a large region in whi
    Cross-Media (Air and Water) Linkage
    1. %(1) Dissolved oxygen in Chesapeake Bay, (2) nitrate loading in the Potomac Basin, and (3) atmospheric nitric acid and wet deposi
    Global Climate Modeling
    1. %The colored plane floating above the block represents the simulated atmospheric temperature change at the earth's surface, assum
    4-D Data Assimilation
    1. %A scientist uses NASA's virtual reality modeling resources to explore the Earth's atmosphere as part of the Earth and Space Scie
    Eco Simulations
    1. %Environmental Chemistry
    2. %Groundwater Transport and Remediation
    3. %Earthquake Ground Motion Modeling in Large Basins: The Quake Project
    4. %High Performance Computing for Land Cover Dynamics
    5. %Massively Parallel Simulations of Large-Scale, High-Resolution Ecosystme Models
  52. Environmental Chemistry
    1. %The 38-atom carbonate system on the left illustrates the most advanced modeling capability at the beginning of the HPCC Program;
    The Quake Project
    1. %The upper image shows a computational model of a valley that has been automatically partitioned for solution on a parallel compu
    Land Cover Dynamics
    1. %This figure encodes the proportions of desert, grass, and forest within each pixel of a satellite image using color mixing. The
    The Underlying Bathymetry of San Diego Bay
  53. Biomedical Imaging and Biomechanics
    1. %Visible Human Project
    2. %Reconstruction of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Images
    3. %Image Processing of Electron Micrographs
    4. %Understanding Human Joint Mechanisms
  54. Cryosectional image from the Visible Human Male
  55. Image Processing of Electron Micrograph
    1. %Three-dimensional reconstruction of large icosahedral viruses. Shown are images of herpes simplex virus type 1 capsids, which il
    Molecular Biology
    1. %Protein and Nucleic Sequence Analysis
    2. %Protein Folding Prediction
    3. %Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Structure Predition
  56. Molecular Design
    1. %Biological Applications of Quantum Chemistry
    2. %Biomolecular Design
    3. %Biomolecular Modeling and Structure Determination
    4. %Computational Structural Biology
    5. %Biological Methods for Enzyme Catalysis
  57. Biomolecular Design
    1. %Electrostatic field, shown in yellow, of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme. The known active site is shown in blue; the second 'ba
    Biomolecular Modeling and Structure Determination
    1. %A portion of the Glucocorticoid Receptor bound to DNA; the receptor helps to regulate expression of the genetic code.
  58. Computational Structural Biology
    1. %The upper figure shows the known structure of the protein crambin from the Brookhaven Protein Data Base (PDB), and the lower fig
    Computational Methods for Enzyme Catlysis
    1. %Graphical representation of the bovine pancreatic ribonuclease enzyme. Many high-resolution X-ray structures are available for t
    Cognition
    1. %HPC for Learning
    2. %A New View of Cognition
  59. HPC For Learning
    1. %The central image is the original camera shot and the surrounding images were generated from the original using image synthesis
    Fundamental Computaitonal Sciences
    1. %Quantum Chromodynamics
    2. %High Capacity Atomic-Level Simulations for the Design of Materials
    3. %First Principals Simulation of Materials Properties
    4. %Black Hole Binaries: Coalescence and Gravitational Radiation
    5. %Scalable Hierarchical Particle Algorithms for Galzy Formation and Accretion Astrophysics
    6. %Radio Synthesis Imaging
    7. %Large Scale Structure and Galaxy Formation
  60. First Principal Simulation of Materials Properties
  61. Galaxy Formation Models
  62. Large Scale Structure and Galaxy Formation
    1. %Simulation of gravitational clustering of dark matter. This detail shows one sixth of the volume computed in a cosmological simu
    Grand-Challenge-Scale Applications
    1. %Simulation of Chorismate Mutase
    2. %Simulation of Antibody-Antigen Association
    3. %A Realistic Ocean Model
    4. %Drag Control
    5. %The Impact of Turbulence on Weather/Climate Prediction
    6. %Shoemaker-Levy 9 Collision with Jupiter
    7. %Vortex structure and Dynamics in Superconductors
    8. %Molecular Dynamics Modeling
    9. %Crash Simulation
    10. %Advanced Simulation of Chemically Reacting Flows
  63. Simulation of Chorismate Mutase Showing Lines of Electrostatic Force
  64. Simulation of Antibody-Antigen Association
    1. %The complex between the fragment of a monoclonal antibody, HyHEL- 5, and hen-egg lysozyme. The key amino acid residues involved
    A Realistic Ocean Model
    1. %Simulation of circulation in the North Atlantic. Color shows temperature, red corresponding to high temperature. In most prior m
    Drag Control
    1. %Simulations on SDSC's Intel Paragon of turbulence over surfaces mounted with streamwise riblets. Computed turbulence intensities
    Impact of Turbulence on Weather/Climate Prediction
    1. %This image is a single frame from a volume visualization rendered from a computer model of turbulent fluid flow. The color masse
    Shoemaker-Levy 9 Collision with Jupiter
    1. %Impact of the comet fragment. Image height corresponds to 1,000 kilometers. Color represents temperature, ranging from tens of t
    Vortex Structure and Dynamics in Superconductors
    1. %Early stages in the formation of a magnetic flux vortex. The figure shows the penetration of a magnetic field into a thin strip
    Molecular Dynamics Modeling
    1. %MD simulation of a crystal block of 5 million silicon atoms as 11 silicon atoms implanted, each with an energy of 15keV. The sim
    Advanced Simulation of Crash Simulation
    1. %Illustrative of the computing power at the Center for Computational Science is the 50 percent offset crash of two Ford Taurus ca
    Advanced Simulation of Chemically Reacting Flows
    1. %View of fluid streamlines and the center plane temperature distribution in a vertical disk, chemical vapor deposition reactor. S
    Convective Turbulence and Mixing in Astrophysics
    1. %NASA simulation of temperature fluctuations (dark: cool; light: hot) in a layer of convectively unstable gas (upper half) overly
    National Challenge Applications
    1. %Digital Libraries
    2. %Public Access to Government Information
    3. %Electronic Commerce
    4. %Civil Infrastructure
    5. %Education and Lifelong Learning
    6. %Energy Management
    7. %Environmental Monitoring
    8. %Health Care
    9. %Maunfacturing Processes and Products
  65. Digital Libraries
    1. %Joint Digital Libraries rresearch Initiative
    2. %Digital Library Technology Products
    3. %Satellite Weather data Dissemination
    4. %Environmental Decision Support
    5. %Computer Science Technical reports Testbeds
    6. %Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)
    7. %CALS Library
  66. Public Access to Government Data
    1. %Earth Data
    2. %Education
    3. %Health Care Data
  67. Electronic Commerce
  68. Health Care
    1. %Computer-Based Patient Records (CBPR)
    2. %Radiation Treatment Planning
    3. %Functional Neurological Image Analysis
    4. %Project Hippocrates: HIgh PerfOrmance Computing for Robot- AssisTEd Surgery
    5. %Protootypes for Clinic-Based Collaboration
    6. %Trusted Interoperation of Health Care information Systems
    7. %Collaboratory for Microscpoic Digital Anatomy (CMDA)
    8. %Distributed Imaging Over Gigabit Networks
  69. Computer-Based Medical Records -1
  70. Computer-based Medical Records-2
  71. Radiation Treatment Planning
    1. %A source image slice with a beam placed and some contours drawn. The contours denote regions of different density and are subseq
    Functional Neurological Image Analysis
    1. %Single slices of MRI scans of two normal children of different ages. The leftmost scan is warped to have the form of the middle
    Collaboratory for Microscopic Digital Anatomy (CMDA)
    1. %This Gridbrowser interface shows (1) a low magnification survey with gridlines identifying the source of the higher magnificatio
    Manufacturing Processes and Products
    1. %An example of the types of user interfaces required to visualize data on manufacturing activities in a production facility. A pr
    HPCC: The Business Outlook
    1. %Observations:
      1. !At beginning extremely smart people worked most difficult problems
      2. !Interdisciplinary approach required, teamwork
    2. %HPCCI agencies introduced agendas
    3. %NII crept up on HPC
    4. %WWW took everything by storm
    5. %HPCC program may now be unmanagable, future of "high end" is uncertain
    6. %Software tools: always the critical issue
  72. Overview of Talk: Technical Topics
    1. %What is NPAC?
    2. %HPCC
      1. !One Person's Perspective
      2. !The HPCCI and NII, Grand and National Challenges
    3. %Technical Topics (Opportunities for Collaboration)
      1. !NPAC's Core Technologies and Computing Facilities
      2. !Computational Science and Research
      3. !Computer Science
      4. !Computational Science Education
      5. !InfoMall: Technology Transfer and Commercialization