There is substantial research on boosting Java performance both in
academia and industry. Many approaches are being explored, we note

1. Optimizing Java compilers
   - IBM is developing optimizing Java compiler that produces
     binary code for IBM machine directly (reported by Susan Flynn Hummel 
     of IBM at Workshop on Java for Scientific Computing, Dec., 1996)
2. Just in Time compilers
   - Kaffe system by Tim Wilkinson,
     http://www.tjwassoc.demon.co.uk/kaffe/faq.htm
3. Optimization and restructuring of bytecode generated by javac
   - Rice University, reported by Zoran Budimlic of Rice at the Workshop on
     Java for Scientific Computing, Dec., 1996.
   - Rochester University, reported by Wei Li at the Workshop on
     Java for Scientific Computing, Dec., 1996.
4. Parallel execution of Java program by making connection between Java
   and well established message passing systems
   - JavaPVM from Georgia Tech.
     This is an interface written using Java native methods capability
     which allows Java applications to use PVM facility.
     http://www.isye.gatech.edu/chmsr/JavaPVM/
   - JPVM from University of Virginia.
     This is a PVM-like library of object classes implemented in and
     for use with Java.
     http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~ajfzj/jpvm.html
   Work stated in this paper may be considered in this category.
5. Java source restructuring
   - Javar from Indiana University.
     This is a parallelizer for Java programs, which generates concurrent
     threads out of loops, etc.
     http://www.extreme.indiana.edu/hpjava/
6. Parallel interpretation of bytecode
   - IBM JVM, released in spring 1996, an implementation of JVM on
     shared memory architectures.
   - UIUC, newly started a project aiming at parallel interpretation
     of Java bytecode (private communication.)
