Full HTML for Basic Introduction to Internetworking

bandwidth - is a measure of the amount of time between the arrival of the first bit at any point of a network and the arrival of the last bit at that point

delay - is a measure of time between the departure of the first bit from the source on a network and the arrival of this first bit at the receiver

latency - the time it takes bits to travel the network (device)

throughput - the amount of data transmitted between two points in a given amount of time (e.g. 10 Mbps)

speed - expressed in bits per second (bps), the rate at which data can reliably be transmitted over a line

baud - unit of signal frequency in signals per second. Baud = bps only when a signal represents a single bit

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 23 Definitions- transmission

From Introduction to Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *

Full HTML Index

half-duplex - two-way transmission, one way at a time

full-duplex - independent, simultaneous two-way transmission in both directions

synchronous - both the sender and receiver are synchronized with a clock so receiver knows exactly where new characters begin

asynchronous - data is transmitted one character at a time, with intervals of varying lengths between transmittals. Start and stop bits at the beginning and end of each character

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 24 Definitions - Network topology

From Introduction to Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *

Full HTML Index

ring - network nodes are connected in a closed loop; data is transmitted from node to node around the loop, always in the same direction.

bus - network nodes are connected to the same cable; all nodes are considered equal and receive all transmissions on the medium

star - network nodes attach to hubs and signals are broadcast to all stations or pass from station to station

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 25 Definitions - technologies

From Introduction to Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *

Full HTML Index

bridging - techniques for interconnecting two LAN segments that utilize the same LLC (Logical Link Control) procedures but may use the same or different MAC (Media Access Control) procedures

forwarding - the process of sending a frame toward its ultimate destination by an internetworking device

routing - the process of finding a path to the destination host.

switching - switching and routing are complimentary technologies. Switching is known for simplicity and performance; Routing is known for manageability and control

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 26 Definitions - LAN / WAN

From Introduction to Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *

Full HTML Index

LAN - Local Area Network. A network that interconnects PCs, terminals, workstations, servers, printers, and other peripherals at high speed over short distances (Ethernet, token ring, FDDI, ATM, wireless)

WAN - Wide Area Network. A network that covers long-haul areas and usually utilizes public phone companies (T1/T3, ISDN, xDSL, Frame Relay, SMDS, ATM)

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 27 Definitions -Multiplexing

From Introduction to Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *

Full HTML Index

Multiplexing is a process in which multiple data channels are combined into a single data or physical channel at the source

Demultiplexing - process of separating multiplexed data channels at the destination

Methods

TDM - Time Division Multiplexing (time slots)
ATDM - Asynchronous TDM (bandwidth allocated as needed; dynamically assigned time slots)
FDM - Frequency Division Multiplexing
Statistical Multiplexing (bandwidth is dynamically allocated to any channels that have information to transmit)

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 28 Definitions - Flow Control

From Introduction to Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *

Full HTML Index

Flow control is a function that prevents network congestion by ensuring that transmitting devices do not overwhelm receiving devices with data

Methods:

buffering - temporarily storing bursts of excess data in memory until they can be processed
transmitting source-quench messages - the receiving device sends source-quench messages to request that the source reduce its current rate of data transmission
windowing - flow control scheme in which the source device requires an acknowledgement from the destination after a certain number of packets have been transmitted

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 29 Open System Interconnection (1)

From Introduction to Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *

Full HTML Index

The International Standards Organization (ISO) has developed OSI standard in order to provide some level of uniformity among network vendors. OSI reference model consists of 7 layers. Each layer provides a service for the layer immediately above it:

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 30 Open System Interconnection (2)

From Introduction to Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *

Full HTML Index

(1) Physical: passes bit stream between computer and network; defines voltage used, the data transmission timing, handshaking requirements; EIA-RS232, RS449, Ethernet, token ring, FDDI

(2) Data Link: provides reliable data transfer between computer and network; packages data into data frames; HDSL, SDSL, ATM, FR, NDIS, ODI

(3) Network: sets up and maintains connections; establishes virtual circuits between computers; IP, X.25, IPX

(4) Transport: provides control of quality of service; TCP, UDP, SPX, NetBEUI

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 31 Open System Interconnection (3)

From Introduction to Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *

Full HTML Index

(5) Session: handles coordination between processes; concentrates on network management, password recognition, logon and logoff procedures, network monitoring; SNMP, FTP, SMTP, Telnet

(6) Presentation: provides data formatting and code conversion, network security and file transfers; AFP

(7) Application: provides user interface to lower level; X.400, X.500, FTAM

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 32 Standards (1)

From Introduction to Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *

Full HTML Index

Standard organizations and consortia define the physical and operational characteristics of networking hardware and software. Standards are recommendations that vendors should follow to achieve interoperability with products from other vendors.

Industry Consortia

ATM Forum - ATM technology
Frame Relay Forum - Frame Relay technology
W3C - World Wide Web Consortium
Network Management Forum

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 33 Standards (2)

From Introduction to Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *

Full HTML Index

Standards Organizations

IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force
IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
ANSI - American National Standards Institute
ITU-T - International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication Section (previous CCITT)
ISO - International Organization for Standardization

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 34 Cabling - Twisted Pair (1)

From Introduction to Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *

Full HTML Index

UTP - Unshielded Twisted Pair

STP - Shielded Twisted Pair

EIA-568 (Electronic Industries Association) - standard which specifies the use of voice-grade UTP as well as STP for in-building data applications (year 1991)

The twisting prevents interference problem
wiring up to 16Mbps

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 35 Cabling - Twisted Pair (2)

From Introduction to Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *

Full HTML Index

EIA-568A - new standard which covers 150-ohm STP and 100-ohm UTP (year 1995).

category 1: telephone cable, not suited for data
category 2: data transmission up tp 4 MBPS
category 3: transmission characteristics are specified up to16 MHz; data rates up to 16Mbps; four twists per foot;max recommended distance: 90m
category 4: transmission characteristics are specified up to 20 MHz; not popular
category 5: transmission characteristics are specified up to 100 MHz; data rates up to 100Mbps; four twists per inch;better performance; more expensive;max recommended distance: 90m
STP: transmissions at speed 300 MBPS; max distance 90m

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 36 Cabling - Twisted Pair (3)

From Introduction to Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *

Full HTML Index

Attenuation - the strength of a signal falls with distance over any transmission medium

Crosstalk - a major source of noise in twisted-pair cable; it is caused by signal "leakage" from adjacent wires

Comparison:

UTP cat 3 - good; four twisted pair required with 25Mbps for each pair;
UPT cat 5 - better; two twisted pair;
STP - best

Application: Fast Ethernet, ATM, and CDDI

Connector: RJ45

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 37 Twisted Pair - EIA-568A

From Introduction to Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *

Full HTML Index

By John Mazza http://jmazza.shillsdata.com/tech/

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 38 Twisted Pair - wiring

From Introduction to Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *

Full HTML Index

By John Mazza http://jmazza.shillsdata.com/tech/

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 39 Cabling -Coaxial cable

From Introduction to Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *

Full HTML Index

Thin ethernet cable

50-ohm, 0.2-inch-diameter RG-58 A/U or RG-58 C/U
Connector: BNC, BNC barrel, T-BNC, BNC terminator
Max length of ethernet segment: 185 m
Distance between nodes: 0.5 m

Thick ethernet cable (yellow cable)

50-ohm, 0.4-inch-diameter, stiffer than thin cable
Connector: N-series male connector, N-series barrel
connector, N-series terminator
Max length of ethernet segment: 500m
Distance between nodes: 2.5 m

Broadband coax cable

75-ohm; can carry integrated voice, data and video signals

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 40 Cabling - Fiber optic lines

From Introduction to Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *

Full HTML Index

Fiber is made up of a core surrounded by a cladding layer. Both are glass but each has its own index of refraction. The light signal is applied to the end of the optical fiber and then bounces down the optical path

The most popular : 62.5/125 um optical fiber

Single mode fiber is designed for use with a signal of one wavelength of light

Multi mode fiber is based on the ability to combine different wavelength signals in the same fiber path. The use of the multiple optical signals is accomplished through a device called a Wave Division Multiplexer working as a prism.

Connectors: ST, SC, FC, MIC

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 41 Hardware (1)

From Introduction to Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *

Full HTML Index

NIC - Network Interface Card, an adapter which is inserted into a computer

modem - a modulator-demodulator device for changing transmission signals from digital to analog for transmission over phone lines; used in pairs, one is required in each end of the line

transceiver -a device that interfaces between a network and a local node

repeater - a network device that repeats signals from one cable onto one or more other cables, while restoring signal timing and waveforms

hub - common name for a repeater

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 42 Hardware (2)

From Introduction to Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *

Full HTML Index

bridge - a network device that connects two (or more) LANs and forwards or filters data packets between them, based on their destination address; bridge operates at the Data Link Layer (OSI) and is transparent to higher network protocols

switch - multi-port device designed to increase performance; packet are filtered or forwarded based on their MAC source and destination addresses. There are Cut-Through switches and Store-and-Forward switches

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 43 Hardware (3)

From Introduction to Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *

Full HTML Index

router - a network device capable of filtering/forwarding packets, reading their network addresses (e.g. IP) and route accordingly; router operates at the Network Layer (OSI)

brouter - a device that routes specific protocols, such as TCP/IP and bridges other protocols

gateway - a device for interconnecting 2 or more dissimilar networks; it can translate protocols and operates at all layers of OSI Reference Model

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 44 LAN - speeds

From Introduction to Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *

Full HTML Index

Wireless (802.11) 2-10 Mbps

Ethernet (802.3) 10 Mbps

Iso Enet (802.9) 16 Mbps

Token Bus/Ring (802.4,802.5) 4, 16 Mbps

100VG-AnyLAN (802.12) 96 Mbps

Fast Ethernet (802.3u) 100 Mbps

FDDI (X3T9.5) 100 Mbps

Fiber Channel 133, 266, 531, 1062 Mbps

Giga Ethernet (802.3z) 1000 Mbps

ATM 25, 100, 140, 155, 622 Mbps

HiPPI 800, 1600, 6400 Mbps

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 45 WAN - speeds (1)

From Introduction to Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *

Full HTML Index

Modem 9.6, 14.4, 19.2, 28.8, 33.6, 56 Kbps

Switched 56 KBPS 56 Kbps

ISDN B, BRI(2B+D) 64 Kbps, 144 Kbps

ISDN PRI(23B+D) 1.544 Mbps

T1 (DS-1) 1.544 Mbps

X.25 up to (64 Kbps) 2 Mbps

Frame Relay 56 Kbps-(1.544 Mbps)-36 Mbps

HDSL 1.544 Mbps

SDSL 160 Kbps- 2 Mbps

ADSL 1.5 - 8 Mbps

VDSL 2.3 - 51.84 Mbps

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 46 WAN - speeds (2)

From Introduction to Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *

Full HTML Index

SMDS 56Kbps - 34 Mbps

T3 (DS-3) 45.736 Mbps

SONET OC-1/STS-1 51.84 Mbps

ATM-25 25 Mbps

ATM DS-3 44.736 Mbps

ATM TAXI 100 Mbps

ATM OC-3 155.52 Mbps

ATM OC-12 622.08 Mbps

ATM OC-48 2.488 Gbps

ATM OC-128 6.4 Gbps

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 47 LAN and WAN Technologies

From Introduction to Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *

Full HTML Index

Workgroup Backbone WAN

FDDI

ATM

Fast Eth

Iso Eth

Ethernet

Token Ring

VG-AnyLAN

GIGA Ethernet

HiPPI

Fiber

Channel

1000

100

Mbps

SMDS

xDSL

ISDN

X.25

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 48 The Internet (1)

From Introduction to Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *

Full HTML Index

The Internet is a global web of interconnected computers and computer networks "Web" refers to the fact that the Internet is a network of networks. The Internet grew out of ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), that was put into place in 1969. ARPANET was officially dismantled in 1990.

Other networks connected to the Internat include for example:

BITNET - academic and research network
UUCP - Unix network

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 49 The Internet (2)

From Introduction to Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *

Full HTML Index

Backbone of the Internet

NREN - National Research and Education Network
NSFnet, both administrated by the National Science Foundation
NSF - controls the backbone
FNC - Federal Networking Council coordinates attachment of other networks
IAB - Internet Activities Board, consists of
IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force; specifies protocols and standards
IRTF - Internet Research Task Force; researches new technologies
TCP/IP - the key protocol used on the Internet

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 50 The Internet (3)

From Introduction to Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *

Full HTML Index

Services

WWW - World Wide Web
USENET - is an Internet broadcast news service
E-MAIL - Electronic Mail (based on SMTP, POP3, IMAP4)
FTP - File Transfer Protocol service; also anonymous
ARCHIE - allows quick localization of information on FTP servers
GOPHER - distributed document search and retrieval system
WAIS - Wide Area Information Service - search and retrieval
TELNET - protocol which allows remote login
DNS - Domain Name Service is responsible for translation between domain names and IP addresses.

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 51 The Internet (4)

From Introduction to Internetworking Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *

Full HTML Index

Online Services Providers

America Online
CompuServe
Delphi Internet
Genie
Prodigy

History of Internet: http://www.isoc.org/internet-history/

Intranet: The use of the Web browser as a human interface to corporate data. Intranet brings Internet and Web technologies to internal organizational networks. It operates within an organization for internal purposes

If you have any comments about this server, send e-mail to webmaster@npac.syr.edu.

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