Full HTML for

Basic foilset Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs

Given by Roman Markowski at Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University on Sept 1998. Foils prepared Dec. 6 98
Outside Index Summary of Material

Describes in detail 6 different approaches to LANs
Ethernet, IsoEthernet, Fast and Giga Ethernet
Token ring and Token Bus
100 VG -- AnyLAN
FDDI/CDDI
Wireless Networks
ATM for LANs

Table of Contents for full HTML of Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs

 Denote Foils where Image Critical
Denote Foils where HTML is sufficient
1 Internetworking: LAN Technologies
2 Local Area Network Technologies
3 LAN Basics
4 Definitions - LAN / WAN
5 LAN - speeds
6 Ethernet
7 Ethernet - 10 Mbps (1)
8 Ethernet - 10 Mbps (2)
9 Ethernet - 10 Mbps (3)
10 Thick Ethernet (1)
11 Thick ethernet (2)
12 Thin ethernet (1)
13 Thin ethernet (2)
14 10baseT (1)
15 10baseT (2)
16 10baseFL
17 Isochronous Ethernet (isoENET)
18 Fast Ethernet (1)
19 Fast Ethernet (2)
20 Fast Ethernet (3)
21 Gigabit Ethernet (1)
22 Gigabit Ethernet (2)
23 Token Ring (1)
24 Token Ring (2)
25 Token Ring (3)
26 Token Bus
27 100VG AnyLAN (1)
28 100VG AnyLAN (2)
29 100VG-AnyLAN (3)
30 Fiber Distributed Data Interface (1)
31 Fiber Distributed Data Interface (2)
32 Fiber Distributed Data Interface (3)
33 Fiber Distributed Data Interface (4)
34 Fiber Distributed Data Interface (5)
35 Fiber Distributed Data Interface (6)
36 PPT Slide
37 Wireless LAN (1)
38 Wireless LAN (2)
39 Mobile computing
40 ATM technology (1)
41 ATM technology (2)
42 ATM technology (3)
43 ATM technology (4)
44 ATM technology (5)
45 ATM technology (6)
46 ATM technology (7)
47 ATM technology (8)
48 ATM technology (9)
49 ATM technology (10)
50 ATM technology (11)
51 ATM technology (12)
52 ATM technology (13)
53 ATM technology (14)
54 ATM technology (15)
55 ATM technology (16)
56 ATM technology (17)
57 ATM technology (18)
58 PPT Slide
59 ATM technology (20)
60 ATM technology (21)
61 ATM technology (22)
62 ATM technology (23)
63 ATM technology (24)

Outside Index Summary of Material

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 1 Internetworking: LAN Technologies

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Roman Markowski
IS Manager
Northeast Parallel Architectures Center
September 1998
http://www.npac.syr.edu/users/roman/
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 2 Local Area Network Technologies

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Ethernet, IsoEthernet, Fast, Giga
Token Ring, Token Bus
100 VG- AnyLAN
FDDI / CDDI
Wireless
ATM
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 3 LAN Basics

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
High-speed, fault-tolerant data network that covers a relatively small geographic area
LAN protocols function at the 2 lowest layers of OSI RM (Physical and Data Link Layers)
Typical access methods: CSMA/CD (carrier sense multiple access collision detection) and Token Passing
Transmission methods: unicast, multicast and broadcast; in these methods a single packet is sent to one or more nodes
LAN topologies: bus, star, ring
Devices: repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches, routers
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 4 Definitions - LAN / WAN

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
LAN - Local Area Network. A network that interconnects PCs, terminals, workstations, servers, printers, and other peripherals at high speed over short distances (ethernet, token ring, FDDI, ATM, wireless)
WAN - Wide Area Network. A network that covers long-haul areas and usually utilizes public phone companies (T1/T3, ISDN, xDSL, Frame Relay, SMDS, ATM)
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 5 LAN - speeds

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Wireless (802.11) 2-10 Mbps
Ethernet (802.3) 10 Mbps
Iso Enet (802.9) 16 Mbps
Token Bus/Ring (802.4,802.5) 4, 16 Mbps
100VG-AnyLAN (802.12) 96 Mbps
Fast Ethernet (802.3u) 100 Mbps
FDDI (X3T9.5) 100 Mbps
Fiber Channel 133, 266, 531, 1062 Mbps
Giga Ethernet (802.3z) 1000 Mbps
ATM 25, 100, 140, 155, 622 Mbps
HiPPI 800, 1600, 6400 Mbps
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 6 Ethernet

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
This term refers to family of Local Area Network implementations
  • Ethernet and IEEE 802.3
  • 100-Mbps Ethernet (Fast Ethernet)
  • 1000-Mbps Ethernet (Gigabit Ethernet)
Characteristics
  • flexibility
  • simplicity to implement and understand
  • broadcast-based environment: all stations see all frames placed on the network
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 7 Ethernet - 10 Mbps (1)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
standard: IEEE 802.3
media: coaxial cable, twisted pair, fiber, microwave
media access: CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection)
bandwidth: 10 Mbps, full duplex-20Mbps
topology: bus, star
frame size: 64 - 1500 Bytes
max nodes: 1024
max interstation distance: fiber - 2 km; twisted pair - 70 m; coax - 1.5 km; microwave - 7.2 km
max coverage: 2.8 km
connection between hubs: crossover cable
frame formats: Ethernet_II, Ethernet_802.3, Ethernet_802.2
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 8 Ethernet - 10 Mbps (2)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Differences between Ethernet and IEEE 802.3
  • Ethernet defines services corresponding to Layer 1 and 2 of the OSI RM; defines one physical layer (thick coax)
  • IEEE 802.3 specifies physical layer (Layer 1) and channel access portion of the link layer (Layer 2); defines a few physical layers: 10base5, 10base2, 10baseT, 10baseFL
  • Ethernet and IEEE 802.3 frame formats
IEEE 802.3 Physical Layer (i.e. 10base5)
  • 10 : LAN speed in Mbps
  • base : baseband, signaling method
  • 5 : physical media type
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 9 Ethernet - 10 Mbps (3)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
10base5
  • media: thick coaxial; connector: AUI (TNC)
  • segment length : 500 m
  • max number of nodes per segment : 100 (bus topology)
10base2
  • media: thin coaxial; connector BNC
  • segment length : 185 m
  • max number of nodes per segment : 30 (bus topology)
10baseT
  • media : UTP; connector : RJ45
  • segment length : 100 m (star topology)
10baseF
  • media Fiber: connector ST or SMA
  • segment length : 2000 m (point -to-point)
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 10 Thick Ethernet (1)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
AUI - attachment unit interface; MAU - media attachment unit
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 11 Thick ethernet (2)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
By John Mazza http://jmazza.shillsdata.com/tech/
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 12 Thin ethernet (1)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 13 Thin ethernet (2)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
By John Mazza http://jmazza.shillsdata.com/tech/
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 14 10baseT (1)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 15 10baseT (2)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
By John Mazza http://jmazza.shillsdata.com/tech/
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 16 10baseFL

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 17 Isochronous Ethernet (isoENET)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
specification: IEEE 802.9 (it is not Ethernet!)
isoENET is a hybrid of a normal 10baseT Ethernet and up to 96x 64 Kbps communication channels
speed: 16.144 Mbps (10 Mbps - Ethernet data and isochronous 6.144 Mbps- time sensitive applications)
access method: CSMA/CD
applications: integrated voice and data networks
characteristics: backward-compatible relationship between isoENET and Ethernet;
topology: star (requires special isoENET hub and special NIC cards)
wiring : twisted pair
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 18 Fast Ethernet (1)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
specification: IEEE 802.3u
speed: 100 Mbps
access method: CSMA/CD;
topology: star; applications: enterprise servers, backbone
frame size : 64-1500 Bytes
Three media types: 100base-TX, 100base-FX, 100base-T4
100base-TX
  • wiring : cat5 UTP / STP; max. length of point-to-point connection: 100m;
  • connector : 8-pin (RJ45), 9-pin (D-type)
  • two pair of wire: one for receive and one for transmit; 100baseX signaling
  • max network diameter 200 m; max 2 hubs (repeaters) between DTEs
100base-FX
  • wiring 62.5/125 multi-mode fiber-optic cable; 2 strands;
  • DTE-to-DTE length : 400 km; 100baseX signaling
  • connector SC, ST, MIC
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 19 Fast Ethernet (2)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
100base-T4
  • wiring Cat 3 or above; four pair wire cat 3: one pair for collision detection, 3 pairs for data transmission
  • 4T+ signaling; point-to-point length 100 m; half duplex operation only
  • connector 8-pin (RJ45); maximum network diameter 200 m; max 2 hubs between DTEs
100VG-AnyLAN
  • a new ethernet standard IEEE 802.12
  • access method: demand priority
  • speed: 96 Mbps
  • wiring: UTP cat3,5; fiber single mode, multimode
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 20 Fast Ethernet (3)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Ethernet Hub
10 Mbps Segments
100 Mbps Backbone
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 21 Gigabit Ethernet (1)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
specification: IEEE 802.3z
speed: 1 Gbps
access method: CSMA/CD
frame size: 64-1500 bytes
flow control: 802.3x
applications: enterprise servers
implementation: intelligent adapters that minimize host involvement
segment length:
  • single mode fiber : 2km
  • multimode fiber : 0.5 km
  • STP : 0.1 km
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 22 Gigabit Ethernet (2)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
1000base-LX
  • length 3,000 m; fiber single or multimode; LW Laser 1300nm
1000base-SX
  • length 260-550 m; fiber multimode only; SW Laser 830nm
1000base-CX
  • length 25 m; short copper jumpers
1000base-T
  • length 100 m; Cat 5 UTP
The Gigabit ethernet standard adopts both the original IEEE 802.3 ethernet specifications and Fiber Channel ANSI X3T11 for physical interface. Gigabit ethernet retains ethernet's link layer protocol, maximum frame size, and frame format. Gigabit includes both full and half-duplex operating modes
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 23 Token Ring (1)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
standard: IEEE 802.5; developed by IBM; very popular
media: optical fiber, twisted pair STP or UTP
bandwidth: 4, 16 Mbps; also 100 Mbps High-Speed Toke Ring (IBM) and Gigabit Token Ring 1Gbps (Cisco)
max frame size: (4 Mbps) no limit; (16 Mbps) 18,000 Bytes
max nodes: 260 for STP and 72 for UTP
max interstation distance: 300 m to MSAU
topology: physical star, logical ring
hardware:
  • Token Ring Adapter - 4 Mbps and 16 Mbps
  • MSAU - Multi-Station Access Unit, usually 16 ports
  • Token Ring Adapter Cables and patch cables - 9 pin connector on one end and "Type A" connector that plugs into the MSAU
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 24 Token Ring (2)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
By John Mazza http://jmazza.shillsdata.com/tech/
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 25 Token Ring (3)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
media access: Token Passing - information is traveling from station to station and is regenerated by each station; no collisions; possession of the token grants the right to transmit data
priority system: token ring networks use a sophisticated priority system that permits certain users and high priority stations to use network more frequently (frame contains priority field and reservation field)
One selected station works as active monitor: it acts as a centralized source of timing information; removal of faulty frames circling the ring
beaconing algorithm detects and tries to repair certain network faults
frames:
  • tokens : 3 bytes in length (start delimiter, access control byte, end delimiter)
  • data/command s: vary in size
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 26 Token Bus

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
standard: IEEE 802.4
media: 75 ohm CATV coaxial cable
topology: bus and star
media access: Token Passing - information is traveling from station to station and is regenerated by each station; the sequence is defined by station addresses
bandwidth: up to 10 Mbps
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 27 100VG AnyLAN (1)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
100VG AnyLAN is a 100 Mbps high speed networking standard that was originally developed to transmit Ethernet or Token Ring packets over existing wiring (UTP cat 3,4,5 or fiber);
VG stands for Voice Grade
standard: IEEE 802.12, developed by Hewlett-Packard
actual throughput: up to 96 Mbps
frames: standard 802.3 ethernet format or 802.5 Token Ring format
distance (hub to node, or hub to hub): UTP cat3 - 100m; UTP cat5 - 200m; fiber - 2000m
access method: Demand Priority (MAC layer protocol), no collisions
compatible with existing software; easy to implement
number of nodes: up to 1024 unbridged nodes
ideal for multimedia applications (traffic can be prioritized)
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 28 100VG AnyLAN (2)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
comparison between CSMA/CD and Demand Priority:
  • CSMA/CD: try to send whenever there is data
  • Demand Priority: only send when it is O.K. to do so; a station demands of the hub the permission to send and indicates the priority; hub services higher priority first.
topology: cascade to 3 levels of hubs (total network span=1200m)
hardware: NICs PCI-VG10/100, EISA-VG10/100 , ISA-VG10/100 with 2 RJ45 (one for ethernet, one for VG); VG-HUB with RJ45 VG ports, HUB with ethernet-to-100VG Bridge
vendor: Ragula Systems, Cisco, Cabletron, Hewlett Packard, etc
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 29 100VG-AnyLAN (3)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
By John Mazza http://jmazza.shillsdata.com/tech/
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 30 Fiber Distributed Data Interface (1)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
FDDI is an excellent medium for building backbones of LANs.
standard: ANSI X3T9.5 developed by ANSI in mid-1980s
media: optical fiber (FDDI), copper (CDDI)
media access: Timed Token Passing Dual Ring
bandwidth: 100 Mbps (FDDI network actually has a 125 Mbps signaling rate, however 4B/5B (Differential Manchester) encoding takes up to 25 Mbps)
max frame size: 4500 Bytes; max nodes: 500
max inter-station distance: 2 km; max distance: 100 km (60 miles)
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 31 Fiber Distributed Data Interface (2)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
topology: dual ring (for redundancy); during normal operation, the primary ring is used for data transmission, the secondary ring remains idle; traffic on each ring flows in opposite directions (called counter-rotating);stations act as repeaters
DAS - Dual Attached Station is attached to both rings
SAS - Single Attached Station is attached only to the primary ring
connectors: ST, MIC, SMA906; status: mature, reliable and proven
transition modes: asynchronous - traffic is not prioritized; synchronous - allows for prioritization of time-sensitive traffic; circuit-based (in FDDI II only) -allows for dedicated communication line with guaranteed bandwidth
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 32 Fiber Distributed Data Interface (3)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
FDDI-II is designed for networks that need to transport real-time video or traffic that cannot tolerate delays. Bandwidth is divided into up to 16 separate circuits that operate at from 6.144 Mbps each to a maximum 99.072 Mbps. Each of these channels can be subdivided further to produce a total of 96 64- Kbps circuits.
FDDI-II is incompatible with existing FDDI design.
CDDI - Copper Distributed Data Interface (officially named: Twisted-Pair Physical Medium Dependent standard)
  • media: TP-PMD UTP5 or STP
  • max inter-station distance : 100m
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 33 Fiber Distributed Data Interface (4)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Fiber optic cable
  • immune to electromagnetic interference
  • secure (does not emit a signal outside the cable)
  • multi-mode fiber - passes several frequencies of light (a mode is a ray of light that enters the fiber at a particular angle); multi-mode uses LED as a light generating device; modal dispersion limits the bandwidth and distance (various modes of light enter fiber at different angles, and arrive at the end of the fiber at different times)
  • single-mode fiber - only one mode of light propagates through the fiber; uses lasers to generate signals; modal dispersion does not exist
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 34 Fiber Distributed Data Interface (5)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
FDDI Specifications
  • FDDI specifies the physical and the media-access portion of the OSI RM
  • FDDI is a collection of 4 specifications:
    • Media Access Control (MAC) - defines frame format, token handling, addressing, error recovery mechanisms, CRC algorithms
    • Physical Layer Protocol (PHY) -defines data encoding/decoding, clocking requirements, framing
    • Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) - defines optical components, bit-error rates, connectors
    • Station Management (SMT) -defines station configuration, ring configuration, ring control features, scheduling, station removal and insertion, statistics collection
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 35 Fiber Distributed Data Interface (6)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
FDDI fault tolerance
  • Dual Ring: during failure the dual ring is automatically wrapped into a single ring
  • Optical bypass switch : provides continuous dual-ring operation if a device on the ring fails
  • Dual homing : critical devices can be connected to 2 cencentrators; one connection is active, the other is passive
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 36 PPT Slide

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 37 Wireless LAN (1)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
standard: IEEE 802.11
types of implementation:
  • DSSS -- Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (higher performance)
  • FHSS -- Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (lower cost)
OSI Physical layer (Access Point, antennas, LAN interfaces)
  • radio-frequency-based -- FCC license not required for the following frequencies 902-928 MHz, 2.4-2.4835 GHz, 5.725-5.850 GHz
  • infrared-based -- no government regulations
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 38 Wireless LAN (2)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
OSI Data Link layer:
  • DFWMAC - Distributed Foundation Wireless Media Access Control
  • access method: CSMA/CA - Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (no ability to detect collisions)
typical parameters:
  • data rates: 2 Mbps, 10 Mbps
  • distance: up to 3 miles; up to 10 miles with amplifiers;
  • up to 30 miles - point-to-point without obstacles (mountains, hills)
topologies: point-to-point, point-to-mulitipoint
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 39 Mobile computing

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Standards to transmit TCP/IP over cellular connection
  • CDPD - Cellular Digital Packet Data (uses its own suite of protocols to encapsulate TCP/IP data over the air link); rate: 19.2 Kbps
  • CSC - Circuit Switched Cellular (after dialing you receive a dedicated link for data transmission with SLIP or PPP); rate: 1.2-14.4 Kbps
Wireless services:
  • Enhanced Specialized Mobile Radio (ESMR) Rate: 4.8 Kbps
  • Bi-directional satellite
  • Personal Communication Services (PCs)
  • Spread-spectrum system based on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) or Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA); Rate up to 76 Kbps
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 40 ATM technology (1)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Fundamentals: ATM stands for Asynchronous Transfer Mode.ATM technology is viable for both local (LANs) and wide (WANs) area networks. It supports many types of traffic including voice, data, facsimile, real-time video, CD-quality audio, and imaging. ATM offers bandwidth of up to 155Mbps (and now 622 Mbps or 2.4 Gbps between switches) on the backbone and delivery pipes of 25 Mbps or more to the desktop. ATM is a transport protocol that operates roughly at the MAC sub-layer of the Data Link Layer (OSI)
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 41 ATM technology (2)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Characteristics:
fixed size packets (cells) - 53 bytes
switching technology
high, scalable bandwidth
ability to dedicate a certain bandwidth to an application (QoS - Quality of Service)
can handle real-time applications
broadband technology (for voice, video, and data)
viable for LANs and WANs
still the most expensive service
ATM network consists of ATM switches
wireless ATM (28 GHz range), SMDS over ATM, Frame Relay over ATM
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 42 ATM technology (3)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 43 ATM technology (4)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
ATM switch simply relays cells. It looks at the header and immediately begins forwarding the cell. Because all the cells are the same size, the delay is minimal. ATM switch performs its switching in hardware.No error checking is done. ATM assumes the use of high-quality, error free transmission facilities.
ATM Architecture: ATM was originally defined as part of B-ISDN, developed by CCITT in 1988. ATM Forum, created in 1991, has been working on development of ATM standards.
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 44 ATM technology (5)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Physical Interface methods
  • UNI - User-to-Network Interface (interface between host and a switch); specifications UNI 3.0, UNI 3.1, UNI 4.0. Two UNIs exist: Private UNI (interface between host and a private switch) and Public UNI (interface between host and a public network switch)
  • NNI - Network-to-Network Interface (interface between two adjacent switches). There are Private and Public NNI
  • DXI - Data Exchange Interface (interface between DTE (router) and DCE (like DSU)
  • FUNI - Frame UNI: Instead od segmenting data into cells at the end user, the end user transmits FUNI-formatted variable length frames into the ATM network. Segmentation (and reassembly) is done by FUNI ATM switch
  • B-ICI - Broadcast Intercarrier Interface - inables two adjacent ATM networks to interconnect and provide a set of end-to-end services
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 45 ATM technology (6)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Logical connection between end-stations
  • VC - Virtual Channel
  • VP - Virtual Path (a bundle of VCs)
  • VPI - Virtual Path Identifier - in ATM cell header
  • VCI - Virtual Channel Identifier - in ATM cell header
VPI
VCI
VCI
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 46 ATM technology (7)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Permanent Virtual Channels and Switched Virtual Channels
  • PVC - connections in a connection-oriented network which are established through prior configuration, not dynamically
  • SVC - connections in a connection-oriented network which is established dynamically. SVCs are established by signaling protocols
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 47 ATM technology (8)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
ATM virtual path switching
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 48 ATM technology (9)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
ATM architecture model
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 49 ATM technology (10)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
ATM Physical Layer:
medium:
  • single / multimode fiber with ST, SC, FC connectors
  • Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) category 5 with RJ45 connector
physical interface defined by ATM Forum:
  • DS-1 (T1) - 1.5 Mbps (E1 = 2.048 Mbps)
  • ATM25 (TP25) - 25.6 Mbps
  • DS-3 (T3) - 45 Mbps (E3 = 34.368 Mbps)
  • TAXI (4B/5B) -100 Mbps
  • Fiber Channel -155 Mbps
  • STS-3c/SMT-1 -155 Mbps
  • OC3c (SONET) -155 Mbps
  • OC12c -622 Mbps
  • OC48c -2.48Gbps
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 50 ATM technology (11)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
SONET / SDH - Synchronous Optical Network / Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
physical layer standard for fiber optic transmissions standardized by ANSI and recommended by CCITT
SONET is the carrier format used in the USA in which OC3c corresponds to a 155 Mbps
SDH is a European carrier system in which STM-1 corresponds to 155 Mbps
ATM and SMDS operates on top of SONET
interface rates: OC1, OC3, OC9, OC12, OC18, OC24, OC36, OC48
  • OC-3c/STM-1 SONET/SDH
  • OC-12c/STM-4c SONET/SDH
fiber based or microwave based (OC3, 6 GHz)
framing: STS-1 frame = 810 bytes; STS-3c frame = 1890 bytes
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 51 ATM technology (12)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
ATM Layer defines:
  • the structure of ATM cell: cell 53 bytes (5 + 48)
  • virtual channel and path switching
  • UNI and NNI formats; and error control
ATM Adaptation Layer:
  • converges packets from upper layers into ATM cells
  • AAL types and classes
    • AAL1 - connection-oriented, constant bit rate (CBR), good for audio and video; class A
    • AAL2 - connection-oriented, variable bit rate (VBR), good for compressed video; not implemented; class B
    • AAL3/4 - variable bit rate (VBR), timing not required; class C or D
    • AAL5 - connection-oriented, variable bit rate (VBR), timing not required; subset of AAL3/4; popular implementation; class C
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 52 ATM technology (13)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 53 ATM technology (14)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
ATM multilayer architecture
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 54 ATM technology (15)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Quality of Service (QoS) classes and Traffic Classification
  • service class A - CBR Constant Bit Rate
  • service class B - rt-VBR real time Variable Bit Rate
  • service class C - nrt-VBR non real time Variable Bit Rate
  • service class D - ABR Available Bit Rate
  • unspecified - UBR Unspecified Bit Rate
ATM addressing and signaling
  • signaling is necessary to set up SVCs
  • SPANS, Q.93B (UNI3.0), Q.2931 (UNI3.1), UNI4.0
  • addressing: 20 octets
    • E.164- public addressing
    • ICD ATM format
    • DCC ATM format
  • ILMI - Interim Local Management Interface (address registration protocol)
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 55 ATM technology (16)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Classical IP-Over-ATM (IPOA RFC 1577)
ATM is a connection-oriented protocol, which means that connection must be established between two communicating entities before data transfer can begin. IP is inherently connectionless. There are 2 ways to run transparently IP traffic over ATM: Classical IP and LAN emulation
The term "classical" indicates that the ATM network has the same properties as existing legacy LANs.
MTU (Maximum Transmit Unit) = 9180 bytes + 8 bytes LLC/SNAP header
SVC management is performed via UNI specification, which defines signaling: Q.93B (UNI3.0), Q.2931 (UNI3.1).
Once a Classical IP connection has been established, IP datagrams are encapsulated using IEEE 802.2 LLC/SNAP and are segmented into ATM cells using AAL5 (RFC 1583)
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 56 ATM technology (17)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Classical IP-Over-ATM (IPOA RFC 1577)
There is no support for broadcast and multicast in a Classical IP environment. The Classical network is divided into LISs (Logical IP Subnets).
Each LIS must have only one ATM ARP server configured on a switch or a host. ARP server is responsible for resolving an IP addresses into ATM addresses.
MARS - Multicast address resolution server (central registry for IP multicast membership)
ATM
switch
ATMARP Server
IP to ATM mapping
IP address
ARM address
IP address
ARM address
Client 1
Client 2
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 57 ATM technology (18)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
LAN Emulation: IP-Over-ATM (IPOA LANE 1.0)
LANE over ATM is the natural path for migrating ethernet and token ring LANs to fault tolerant ATM network. LANE ver1.0 emulates MAC layer ; standard 1996
Applications can run unmodified over an ATM network. LANE works by allowing the OS and all protocols at and above Layer 2 to seamlessly operate with ATM
components: LES, LEC, LECS, BUS
version 1.0 permits only one LES / BUS on an emulated network creating single point of failure
LECS - LAN Emulation Configuration Server contains the configuration of the emulated networks
LES - LAN Emulation Server mapping between MAC addresses and ATM addresses
BUS - Broadcast and Unknown Server handles broadcast and multicast as well as unknown addresses
LEC - LAN Emulation Client runs on every workstation
Emulated LAN operates in client/server environment applying Virtual LAN concept
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 58 PPT Slide

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 59 ATM technology (20)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
LAN Emulation protocol stack
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 60 ATM technology (21)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
LANE vs. Classical
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 61 ATM technology (22)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Voice over ATM (VTOA - Voice and Telephone over ATM)
QoS parameters: delay, jitter in delay, loss rate
CBR for voice current ATM Forum specification
silence detection (voice has 60% of silence)
unstructured circuit emulation: maps entire T1 circuit to a single ATM VC
structured circuit emulation: maps individual 64 Kbps circuits to ATM VCs
Compression: G.726 ADPCM, G.728 LD-CELP, G.729 CS-ACELP
average national network delay for voice traffic specified by G.114, G.131, G.126
current VTOA: lack of compression, lack of silence suppression, limitations of AAL1
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 62 ATM technology (23)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Other ATM Protocols
MPOA - Multi Protocol Over ATM : layer 3 protocols like IP or IPX can be carried transparently over an ATM network
  • mapping on network layer on ATM network
  • performance, scalability
  • sends routed traffic over connection-oriented circuits
NHRP - Next Hop Reservation Protocol is used for forwarding and ATM address resolution based on classical IP
CIF - Cells in Frames; solution for delivering ATM to the desktop
IISP - Interim Inter-switch Signaling Protocol - uses UNI-based signaling for switch to switch communication
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 63 ATM technology (24)

From Introduction to Local Area Networks LANs Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Other ATM Protocols
PNNI - Private Network to Network Interface: the NNI used in private networks for efficient, dynamic, and scalable routing of SVC requests in a multivendor private ATM environment
I-PNNI- Integrated PNNI: is a single routing protocol that is used between IP routers and ATM switches
Hardware: ATM switch, ATM analyzer, ATM adapter
ATM Carrier Services: MCI, WorldCom, Sprint, AT&T, GTE, Pacific Bell, US West, Ameritech, Southwestern Bell, Bell Atlantic. The services are provided by hundreds POPs (Point of Presence)
© Northeast Parallel Architectures Center, Syracuse University, npac@npac.syr.edu

If you have any comments about this server, send e-mail to webmaster@npac.syr.edu.

Page produced by wwwfoil on Sun Dec 6 1998