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Basic foilset Introduction to Network Protocols

Given by Roman Markowski at Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University on Sept 1998. Foils prepared Dec. 6 98
Outside Index Summary of Material

TCP / IP
IP multicast
AppleTalk
NetWare
Banyan VINES
XNS
DECnet
SNA
NetBEUI
NFS
SLIP / PPP
OSI

Table of Contents for full HTML of Introduction to Network Protocols

 Denote Foils where Image Critical
Denote Foils where HTML is sufficient
1 Internetworking: Protocols
2 Protocols
3 TCP / IP (1)
4 TCP / IP (2)
5 TCP / IP (3)
6 TCP / IP (4)
7 TCP / IP (5)
8 TCP / IP (6)
9 TCP / IP (7)
10 TCP / IP (8)
11 TCP / IP (9)
12 TCP / IP (10)
13 TCP / IP (11)
14 TCP / IP (12)
15 TCP / IP (13)
16 TCP / IP (14)
17 TCP / IP (15)
18 IP Multicast (1)
19 IP Multicast (2)
20 IP Multicast (3)
21 IP Multicast - MBONE (1)
22 IP Multicast - MBONE (2)
23 IP Multicast - MBONE (3)
24 AppleTalk (1)
25 AppleTalk (2)
26 AppleTalk - Six-layer Protocol Suite
27 AppleTalk - Six-layer Protocol Suite
28 AppleTalk - Six-layer Protocol Suite
29 NetWare (1)
30 NetWare (2)
31 Banyan VINES (1)
32 Banyan VINES (2)
33 XNS - Xerox Network Systems (1)
34 XNS - Xerox Network Systems (2)
35 DECnet (1)
36 DECnet (2)
37 DECnet (3)
38 DECnet (4)
39 DECnet (5)
40 DECnet (6)
41 Systems Network Architecture (1)
42 Systems Network Architecture (2)
43 Legacy SNA (1)
44 Legacy SNA (2)
45 SNA/APPN (1)
46 SNA/APPN (2)
47 NetBEUI (1)
48 NetBEUI (2)
49 NetBEUI (3)
50 Network File Systems (1)
51 Network File Systems (2)
52 SLIP - Serial Line Internet Protocol
53 PPP - Point to Point Protocol (1)
54 PPP - Point to Point Protocol (2)
55 OSI Protocols (1)
56 OSI Protocols (2)
57 OSI Protocols (3)
58 OSI Protocols (4)
59 OSI Protocols (5)

Outside Index Summary of Material

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 1 Internetworking: Protocols

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Roman Markowski
IS Manager
Northeast Parallel Architectures Center
September 1998
http://www.npac.syr.edu/users/roman/
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 2 Protocols

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
TCP / IP
IP multicast
AppleTalk
NetWare
Banyan VINES
XNS
DECnet
SNA
NetBEUI
NFS
SLIP / PPP
OSI
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 3 TCP / IP (1)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
TCP/IP protocols were developed as part of the US DoD ARPANET project, started in 1969. User-transparent routing across multiple networks is performed by the IP datagram layer ; network services and applications are built upon IP, using UDP or TCP protocols.
TCP/IP is a packet-switching protocol. Information is broken up into packets, transmitted, then reassembled.
TCP/IP is a set of protocols developed to allow connect computers and share resources across a network. TCP/IP protocols were designed to transmit data in a "best effort" across a network - that is data packets were sent from source to destination with no guarantee of delivery.
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 4 TCP / IP (2)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
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TCP/IP protocol suite (selected list):
Telnet - Remote login (RFC 854, 855)
FTP - File Transfer Protocol (RFC 959)
SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (RFC 821, 822)
NFS - Network File System (RFC 1001,1002)
DNS - Domain Name Service (RFC 1035)
NIS - Network Information System (Yellow Pages)
X - Remote Windowing System
RPC - Remote Procedure Call
SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol
TCP - Transmission Control Protocol (RFC 793)
UDP - User Datagram Protocol (RFC 768)
ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol (RFC 792)
IGMP - Internet Group Management Protocol
IP - Internet Protocol (RFC 791)
ARP, RARP - (Reverse) Address Resolution Protocol (RFC 826)
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 5 TCP / IP (3)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 6 TCP / IP (4)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
TCP / IP protocol stack
  • Application (telnet, NFS, SNMP)
  • Transport (TCP / UDP)
  • Network (IP)
  • Physical
TCP (stream --> segment --> datagram --> frame)
  • reliable, connection-oriented, byte-stream protocol
UDP (message--> packet --> datagram --> frame)
  • unreliable, connection-less datagram protocol
IP - connection-less protocol: when the datagrams are sent, the network does not know that there is any connection between them
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 7 TCP / IP (5)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 8 TCP / IP (6)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
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Network Layer : IP v 4
Addressing: every computer using TCP / IP on the Internet must have a unique IP address: p.q.r.s (4 bytes = 32 bits)
  • p network host nr-of-hosts
  • Class A 1-126 p q.r.s 16,777,214
  • Class B 128-191 p.q r.s 65,534
  • Class C 192-223 p.q.r s 254
  • Class D 224-239 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255
  • Intranet 192 192.168.0.1 - 192.168.255.255
Masks example:
  • network 128.230.117.0-255 mask 255.255.255.0
  • network 128.230.232.0-63 mask 255.255.255.192
Broadcast example:
  • network 128.230.117.0-255 broadcast 128.230.117.255
  • network 128.230.232.0-63 broadcast 128.230.232.63
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 9 TCP / IP (7)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 10 TCP / IP (8)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
IP routing
  • RIP - Routing Information Protocol (RFC 1058)
  • OSPF - Open Shortest Path First (RFC 1247)
  • EGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (RFC 904)
Transport layer: TCP / UDP
  • port numbers are used to identify applications; on Unix port numbers are defined in /etc/services; well-known ports:
    • 21 (ftp), 23 (telnet), 25 (smtp), 80 (www), 119 (nntp), 123 (ntp)
  • sockets - a combination of IP address and port number
Other Protocols
  • DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol designed (Microsoft) to centrally manage IP addresses on the network by allocating them dynamically whenever a client requires one. DHCP maintains a database of the addresses reserved and leased to clients.
  • BOOTP- Booting Protocol (RFC 951)
  • SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol SNMP v1,2,3
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 11 TCP / IP (9)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
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Security: TCP/IP by itself offers no security
  • PGP - Pretty Good Privacy
  • S/MIME - Secure MIME
  • IPSEC - Internet Protocol Security
Tunneling Technology
  • Layer2 forwarding : PPP packet is tunneled across the network
    • PPTP - Microsoft (In Win NT)
    • L2F - Cisco (Layer 2 forwarding)
    • ATMP - Ascend (Ascend Tunnel Management Protocol)
    • L2TP - Microsoft / Cisco (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol)
  • Layer3 forwarding
    • PPP session is terminated at the remote access server and only the layer3 payload is tunneled
    • Mobile IP - IETF (for cellular networks)
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 12 TCP / IP (10)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
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What is IPv6 ?
IPv6 stands for Internet Protocol versions 6. The current version is called IPv4. The explosive growth of the Internet is the primary reason a new version of IP is being developed. IPv6 has:
  • ability to better handle video and audio transmission
  • enhanced addressing scheme
  • support for data integrity, authentication, confidentiality
IPv6 isn't backward-compatible with IPv4. A technique called tunneling lets the two protocols coexist. IPv6 packets are tunneled by encapsulating the packets in IPv4 datagrams and routing them over the IPv4 network.
IPv6 (IPng = next generation) completely redefines the nature of Internet addresses; IPv6 is 128 bit long. It is large enough to assign unique IP address for every proton in the earth, or install several billion computers on every square meter of the Earth's surface.
Fore more information see:
http://playgroud.sun.com/pub/ipng/html/ipng-main.html
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 13 TCP / IP (11)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
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IP header
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 14 TCP / IP (12)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
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UDP header
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 15 TCP / IP (13)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
TCP header
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 16 TCP / IP (14)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 17 TCP / IP (15)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 18 IP Multicast (1)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
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IP Unicast, Multicast and Broadcast
  • A IP broadcast goes to every device on the network, often distributing control data that supports the network.
  • In IP multicasting, the data goes only to devices that request it.
  • Unicast datagram has defined and unique sender and recipient.
IP multicasting is a way of forwarding data to a group of host systems simultaneously. It is similar to IP broadcasting except that instead of all hosts receiving the data, only systems which belong to a multicast host group receive the data.
A multicast host group is a group of systems which have the same Class D
  • IP destination address (for example 224.99.0.6);
  • Class D covers addresses: 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255
Multicast must be enabled on hosts and routers
If multicast is not supported, we have to built a tunnel i.e. encapsulate multicast messages in unicast datagrams
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 19 IP Multicast (2)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
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IGMP (RFC 1112) - Internet Group Management Protocol - propagates multicast membership group information; this is used by multicast hosts to report their group membership to any immediately neighboring multicast routers; IGMP implements prunning algorithm in order to minimize traffic (paths to networks on which there are no subscribed recipients are pruned);
TTL - Time-To-Live limits the geographic range of a multicast session; ttl value is assigned to each packet for the session; ttl threshold is set in IP multicast-capable routers; ttl field in each packet is decremented as it hops from router to router; before the multicast packet hops over any mrouter its ttl value has to be greater than the mrouter's threshold value
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Foil 20 IP Multicast (3)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
PIM - Protocol Independent Multicast (routing protocol from Cisco, Bay Networks). PIM is used by multicast routers to determine which other multicast routers should receive multicast packets; dense-mode: transmits packets to all LANs unless it receives instruction to the contrary; sparse-mode: transmits packets to LANs which have made "join" request
DVMPR - Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (Cisco, Bay, 3Com) more complicated than RIP
MOSPF - Multicast Open Shortest Path First (3Com) - multicast routing
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 21 IP Multicast - MBONE (1)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
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MBONE - Multicast backBONE
MBONE is a virtual network built on top of the Internet; Invented by Van Jacobson and Steve Casner in 1992. The purpose of MBONE is to minimize amount of data required for multipoint audio / video-conferencing
MBONE is free; it uses network of mrouters that can support multicast; enables access to real-time interactive multimedia on the Internet
Many older routers do not support multicast; to avoid this we must set up tunnels on both ends; multicast packets are encapsulated in unicast packets and sent through a tunnel;
MBONE uses a small subset of 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255 assigned for multicast traffic. MBONE uses 224.2.0.0 for multimedia conferencing
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 22 IP Multicast - MBONE (2)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Characteristics:
  • topology: combination of mesh and star
  • IP addresses: 224.2.0.0
  • routing schemes: DVMPR, MOSPF
  • session registration: IGMP protocol
  • traffic requirement: audio 32-64 Kbps, video 120 Kbps
MBONE tools:
  • videoconferencing: vic -t ttl destination-host/port &
    • (supports: NV, H.261, CellB, MPEG, mJPEG)
  • audioconferencing: vat -t ttl destination-host/port &
    • (supports: LPC, PCMU, DVI4, GSM)
  • whiteboard: wb destination-host/port/ttl &
  • session directory: sdr &
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 23 IP Multicast - MBONE (3)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 24 AppleTalk (1)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
AppleTalk is a protocol suite defined by Apple Computers, Inc. for connecting computers and peripherals, and other devices on a network. All Macintosh computers have AppleTalk connectivity options built into them. AppleTalk services include file sharing, print sharing, and electronic-mail handling.
AppleTalk Network Elements
  • Node - addressable device (workstation, printer, router); a node is identified by a unique address that each node selects dynamically at initialization time; the address consists of the node's network number and a unique node number; example: node address 11700.25
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 25 AppleTalk (2)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
AppleTalk Network Elements
  • Network - a cable segment attached to a router; each network is identified by a network number or a range of network numbers; example: network range 11700-11700; there are 2 network-numbering systems:
    • Phase 1 or not-extended 8-bit addressing - allows 254 nodes per network
    • Phase 2 or extended 16-bit addressing - allows for 16,580,608 nodes per network
  • Zone - logical collection of nodes; it can be a collection of nodes on a different networks; each zone is identified by a unique name; example: zone name "NPAC"
  • Internet - the whole network of zones
  • Seed Router - broadcasts information about network numbers and zone names
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 26 AppleTalk - Six-layer Protocol Suite

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
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Physical Layer:
  • Token Ring Hardware
  • Ethernet Hardware
  • LocalTalk Hardware (uses a synchronous RS-422A bus with speed 230.4 Kbps)
Data Link Layer:
  • TLAP - TokenTalk Link Access Protocol
  • ELAP - EtherTalk Link Access Protocol
  • LLAP - LocalTalk Link Access Protocol; uses CSMA/CA- collision avoidance
  • AARP - AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol is included in LAP specification; it translates hardware addresses to AppleTalk addresses
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 27 AppleTalk - Six-layer Protocol Suite

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Network Layer:
  • DDP - Datagram Delivery Protocol
Transport Layer:
  • RTMP - Routing Table Maintenance Protocol, maintains and broadcasts routing information (every few seconds)
  • AEP - AppleTalk Echo Protocol, sends datagrams to other nodes in the network to determine their existence
  • ATP - AppleTalk Transaction Protocol, determines whether requests are lost or delayed
  • NBP - Name Binding Protocol, translates device a name into AppleTalk address
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 28 AppleTalk - Six-layer Protocol Suite

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Session Layer:
  • ADSP - AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol, works with ATP to ensure reliable data transmission; includes flow control
  • ZIP - Zone Information Protocol, maps network numbers to network zones; the information is kept in ZIT=Zone Information Table
  • ASP - AppleTalk Session Protocol, responsible for opening and closing sessions
  • PAP - Printer Access Protocol, maintains print service
Presentation and Application Layers:
  • AFP - AppleTalk Filing Protocol
  • PostScript - paged description language
  • AppleShare is a centralized file-sharing system that runs on top of AppleTalk on a Macintosh system; AppleShare servers are accessed by AppleShare clients
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 29 NetWare (1)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
NetWare - Network Operating System developed by Novell, Inc in the early 1980s (later versions: 3.11, 4.11)
  • derived from Xerox Network Systems (XNS, Xerox Co)
  • based on client-server architecture (supports remote access through Remote Procedure Calls)
  • print sharing remote file access, database access, electronic mail, etc
Protocol suite
  • Physical and Link layers: Ethernet / IEEE 802.3, FDDI , ARCnet, PPP
  • Network and Transport layers : IPX / SPX
    • IPX - Internetwork Packet Exchange: connectionless, datagram-based, used to route packets (RIP - Routing Information Protocol; NLSP - NetWare Link State Protocol). IPX's RIP is not compatible with IP RIP
    • SPX - Sequenced Packet Exchange : reliable, connection oriented protocol
  • Upper Layer Protocols and Services:
    • NetWare Shell, NetWare Remote Procedure Call, NetWare Core Protocol (NCP), Network Basic Input / Output System (NetBIOS), NetWare Message Handling Service (MHS), NetWare Loadable Modules (NLMs), IBM Logical Unit 6.2 NAU
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Foil 30 NetWare (2)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
IPX - Internetwork Packet Exchange:
  • connectionless, datagram-based
  • unique address: consists of network number (32 bits) and node number (48bits MAC address)
  • support for four encapsualtion schemes:
    • Novell Ethernet 802.3
    • Novell_Ethernet_802.2
    • Ethernet version II
    • Ethernet_SNAP
  • SAP - Service Advertisement Protocol
    • services like file servers and print servers advertise their services they provide
    • advertisements are sent every 60 sec
    • services are identified by numbers (4=file server; 7=print server)
    • in NetWare 4.x SAP is replaced by NDS (NetWare Directory Services)
SPX - Sequenced Packet Exchange :
  • reliable, connection oriented protocol
  • derived from XNS Sequenced Packet Protocol
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 31 Banyan VINES (1)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
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Banyan Virtual Integrated Network Service
based on Xerox Network Systems (XNS) protocols
client-server architecture : clients request certain services, such as file and printer access, from servers
VINES protocol stack
  • OSI Layer 1 and 2: Media Access Protocols (X.25, Ethernet, Token Ring, HDLC)
  • OSI Network Layer :VIP (VINES Internetwork Protocol), VINES RIP, VINES ARP, Internet Control Protocol (ICP); Routing Table Protocol (RTP), ARP and ICP are encapsulated in a VIP header
  • OSI Transport Layer :
    • IPC - unreliable datagram service; packets routed on the best-effort basis
    • SPP - data stream service; controlled flow of data between 2 processes
    • Reliable message service: virtual circuit service that provides reliable,sequenced and acknowledged delivery
  • OSI Layer 5 and 6: NetRPC (Remote Procedure Call)
  • OSI Layer 7 : file service, print service, StreetTalk (name service)
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 32 Banyan VINES (2)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
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Network Layer Address: 48 bits = network (32bits) + subnetwork (16 bits)
  • network number = server number (derived from the server's key)
  • subnetwork number = host number
  • service node (provides address resolution and routing) assigns VIP addresses to clients - dynamic process
VIP - VINES Internetwork Protocol
ARP - Address Resolution Protocol; address-resolution clients, address-resolution services
ICP - Internet Control Protocol ; exception-notification, metric-notification
RTP - Routing Table Protocol; table of all known networks, table of neighbors
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Foil 33 XNS - Xerox Network Systems (1)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
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created in late 1970s and early 1980s; similar to TCP/IP
works across a variety of media (X.25, Ethernet, HDLC)
early adopted by Novell - evolved into IPX
implementations for PC networks became popular
5-layer protocol model
  • layer 0 - corresponds roughly to OSI layers 1 and 2 (link access and bit-stream manipulation)
  • layer 1 - corresponds to the portion of OSI layer 3 that refers to network traffic (logical addressing and end-to-end datagram delivery)
  • layer 2 - corresponds to the portion of OSI layer 3 that refers to inter-network routing and to OSI layer 4 (for inter process communication)
  • layers 3 and 4 - correspond to OSI layers 6 and 7 (data structuring, process to process interaction and application)
No protocol corresponding to OSI layer 5 (session layer)
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 34 XNS - Xerox Network Systems (2)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
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Layer 1 (Network layer) called IDP (Internet Datagram Protocol)
  • IDP packet - variable size, 30 - 576 bytes
  • address: 32 bits (network number) + 48 bits (host number)
  • encapsulation: Ethernet II, Token Ring (3 types)
  • support: unicast, multicast, broadcast; routing: RIP
Layer 2 (Transport layer)
  • SPP - Sequenced-Packet Protocol (reliable, connection based, flow-controlled; similar to TCP and TP4 (OSI)); packet no longer than 576 bytes
  • PEP - Packet Exchange Protocol; functionally similar to UDP
  • EP - Error Protocol: notifies client about network errors
Upper layer protocols
  • Printing Protocols; Filing Protocols
  • Clearinghouse Protocol (name service)
  • Courier Protocol - process interaction and data structuring
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Foil 35 DECnet (1)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
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DECnet is a group of data communication products , including a protocol suite, developed by Digital Equipment Corporation.
The first version of DECnet, released in 1975, allowed to communicate 2 directly attached PDP 11 micro-computers
Currently, 2 versions of DECnet are widely used:
  • DECnet Phase IV
  • DECnet Phase V (called DECnet / OSI)
DECnet is supported by all DEC operating systems and hardware platforms
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Foil 36 DECnet (2)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
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DECnet Phase IV
most widely implemented
based on Phase IV Digital Network Architecture (DNA)
supports proprietary Digital protocols and standards
backwards compatible with DECnet Phase III
Phase IV consists of 8 layers that map to OSI layers
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 37 DECnet (3)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
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DECnet Phase IV 8 layers
Phycisal - support for Ethernet/IEEE 802.3, FDDI, Token Ring
Data Link -support IEEE 802.2, Frame Relay, HDLC (High Level Data Link Control), LAPB (Link Accessed Procedure, Balanced; DDCMP (Digital Data Communication Message Protocol)
Routing (-> Network) -based on DRP - DECnet Routing Protocol
End Communication (-> Transport) - NSP (Network Service Protocol) - connection oriented protocol
Session Control
Network Application (-> Presentation)
Network Management (-> Application)
User Layer (-> Application)
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 38 DECnet (4)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
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Addressing: addresses are not associated with the physical networks to which nodes are connected
address: area.node (= 16 bits)
  • area = 1-63
  • node = 1-1023
  • ~65,000 nodes can be attached to DECnet network
if a node has a few network interfaces, it uses the same area.node address for each interface
address conversion:
  • 12.75 = 12363 (base 10) = 304B (base 16)
  • appended to the standard DECnet MAC address AA00.0400 after byte swapped : AA00.0400.4B30
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Foil 39 DECnet (5)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
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DECnet Phase V
most recent release
backwards compatible with DECnet Phase IV
based on DECnet/OSI Digital Network Architecture (DNA)
DECnet OSI allows to support: OSI, DECnet, TCP/IP
Phase V consists of 7 layers that map to OSI layers
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Foil 40 DECnet (6)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
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DECnet Phase V 7 layers
Physical - support for Ethernet/IEEE 802.3, FDDI, Token Ring, Frame Relay, X.21b
Data Link - support IEEE 802.2, Frame Relay, HDLC (High Level Data Link Control), LAPB (Link Accessed Procedure, Balanced; DDCMP (Digital Data Communication Message Protocol)
Network - support DRP, ISO 8473, ISO 9542, ISO 10589
Transport - NSP (Network Service Protocol), TCP, 3 standard OSI transport protocols
Session Control
Presentation
Application
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Foil 41 Systems Network Architecture (1)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
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SNA - a proprietary architecture defined by IBM in 1974
Today, with the availability of Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking - APPN - on all IBM system platforms and on many platforms from other vendors, SNA is an industrial strength networking protocol, that is open and provides for any-to-any communications over most LAN and WAN technologies, between user workstations and servers of any size, and fits the needs of all the computing models (centralized, distributed, collaborative, client/server, etc.)
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Foil 42 Systems Network Architecture (2)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
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SNA existed prior to and became part of IBM's Systems Application Architecture (SAA) and it is currently part of IBM's Open Blueprint. With the advent of multi-enterprise network computing, the Internet, and the de facto open network architecture of TCP/IP, IBM is finding ways to combine its own SNA within the enterprise with TCP/IP for applications in the larger network.
Two separate architectures
  • SNA - classical, traditional, hierarchical, mainframe-centric
  • APPN- Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking and Advanced Program-to-Program Computing (APPC)
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Foil 43 Legacy SNA (1)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
mainframe running Advanced Communication Facility/ Virtual Telecommunication Access Method (ACF/VTAM) servers as a hub of an SNA network; ACF/VTAM responsible for establishing sessions and distribution of recourses
SNA 7-layer model maps closely to OSI RM. The SNA and OSI layers are not identical and may not be inter-operable unless some form of gateway is provided.
  • Physical - SNA does not define this layer (runs over Ethernet, FDDI, FR, X.25)
  • Data Link Control - defines several IBM protocols including SDLC (Synchronous DLC), Token Ring Network, X.25
  • Path Control - performs routing, and segmentation and re-assembly (SAR)
  • Transmission Control - provides reliable end-to-end connection; encryption
  • Data Flow Control - manages request and response processing
  • Presentation services - coordinates resource sharing, converts data formats
  • Transaction services - provide application services (management and distributed processing)
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 44 Legacy SNA (2)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
SNA physical entities
  • Hosts: example S/370 mainframe
  • Communication Controllers : example FEP 3745 (front-end processor)
  • Establishment Controllers: example 3174 (called cluster controller)
  • Terminals: example 3270
SNA network addressable units
  • Logical Units (LUs) - function as end-user port into SNA router
  • Physical Units (PUs)- monitors and control network links (implemented on hosts VTAM)
  • Control Points (CPs) - manage SNA nodes and resources
SNA nodes
  • Sub-area Nodes Type 4 and 5 - provide services (Hosts and Communication Controllers)
  • Peripheral Nodes Type 1 and 2 - Establishment Controllers and Terminals
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 45 SNA/APPN (1)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Second generation of SNA
Components
  • APPN environment
  • Logical Units 6.2 - governs peer-to-peer communication in an SNA environment
  • Node Type 2.1 - logical entities that permit direct communication beetween nodes
  • Advanced Program to Program Computing - provides a set of programming conventions and protocols that implement LU6.2
Node types
  • Low-end nodes (LENs) - terminals
  • End Nodes (ENs) - terminal servers
  • Network Nodes (NNs) - routers
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 46 SNA/APPN (2)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
APPN services
  • Configuration Services - activating connections to APPN network
  • Directory Services - help to locate service providers
  • Topology Services
  • Routing and Session
SNA/APPN products can be managed from OSI CMIP or SNMP management platforms in a standard fashion
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 47 NetBEUI (1)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
NetBIOS - Network Basic Input Output System
NetBEUI - NetBIOS Extended User Interface
Protocols designed by IBM and Microsoft to support network communication in a small-sized LAN consisted of personal computers (Microsoft Network)
Implementation: OS/2, Windows for Workgroups, Windows NT, Microsoft LAN Manager, IBM LAN Server
In Windows NT network one can choose the protocol used for networking: NetBEUI, TCP/IP or IPX
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 48 NetBEUI (2)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
NetBIOS is a generalized program-to-program communication facility that enables peer-to-peer and client/server communication between PCs operating in a LAN environment.
NetBIOS supports 3 services:
  • name service (no centralized name servers are required)
  • session service (connection-oriented)
  • datagram service (connection-less; used to deliver broadcast)
NetBIOS names can be resolved to TCP/IP addresses in 2 ways:
  • LMHOSTS file
  • WINS - Windows Internet Name Service
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 49 NetBEUI (3)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Physical Layer:
  • NIC Adapter
Data-link Layer:
  • NIC driver
  • NDIS - Network Driver Interface Specification
Network and Transport Layers:
  • NetBEUI - provides data transport services
Session Layer:
  • NetBIOS - sets up sessions and maintains connections; not routable protocol, not suitable for WAN environment; NetBIOS broadcasts information about location of servers
Presentation Layer:
  • SMB - Server Message Blocks; enables file sharing, print sharing and user-based messaging
Application Layer:
  • Redirector - directs network requests to network servers and local commands to the local operating system
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 50 Network File Systems (1)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
NFS - Network File Systems
  • originally created by Sun Microsystems, Inc as a file sharing system for TCP/IP networks; it is widely implemented, contains security features
  • Sun's concept : The network is the computer = The computer is the network
  • NFS is a distributed, client-server file system: the client requests the information and the NFS server distribute the information
  • NFS allows users to access files and printers on other systems as if they were local files
  • server: broadcasts (exports) the directories that it is sharing
  • client: mounts (automounts) the directories
  • specifications: NFSv2 RFC 1094 and NFSv3 RFC 1813
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 51 Network File Systems (2)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
AFS - Andrew File System
  • originally developed at Carnegie Mellon
  • designed to provide reliable file services in distributed environment
  • can be viewed as enhanced NFS
DFS - Distributed File System
  • addresses better performance, replication, caching, security, locking
  • designed around the client-server model
  • cached File System
  • it supports file system greater than 2GB
  • conceptually, DFS is enhanced AFS
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 52 SLIP - Serial Line Internet Protocol

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Two schemes have been adopted by the Internet community to provide links over serial point-to-point lines into dial-up routers: SLIP and PPP
SLIP supports the transmission of IP datagrams encapsulated within SLIP frames;
SLIP operates over point-to-point connection; simpler than PPP
suitable for stationary systems that only transmit IP;
supports asynchronous and synchronous transfers over dedicated or dialup lines;
datagram size: 1006 bytes; no error detection/correction; compression is not supported
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 53 PPP - Point to Point Protocol (1)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
PPP originated as an encapsulation protocol for transporting IP traffic over point-to-point links
supports IP, DECnet, IPX, AppleTalk, Mac layer bridging;
operates over dialup or leased lines;
allows to assign IP address automatically (dynamically);
PPP established asynchronous (start-stop) and synchronous (bit-oriented) encapsulation, link quality testing, error detection, link configuration
PPP components
  • Link Control Protocol - establish, configure, and test data-link connection
  • Network Control Protocols - establish and configure different network-layer protocols
  • High-Level data Link Control (HDLC) - a method for encapsulating datagrams over point-to-point links
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 54 PPP - Point to Point Protocol (2)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
there are no speed limitations built into the PPP protocol;
frames have variable sizes;
Physical Layer:
  • EIA-232C, EIA-422, EIA-423, V.24, V.35
Data Link Layer:
  • HDLC- High-level Data Link Control
  • LCP - Link Control Protocol
Network Layer:
  • NCP - Network Control Protocol
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 55 OSI Protocols (1)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Application
Presentation
Session
Physical
Data Link
Network
Transport
IEEE 802.3 Token Ring FDDI X.25
CONP/CMNS IS-IS CLNP/CLNS ES-IS
IEEE 802.2LLC 802.3 802.5 FDDI X.25
Session Service / Session Protocol
TP0 TP1 TP2 TP3 TP4
User elements (CHIP, DS, FTAM, MHS, VTP)
Application Elements (ACSE, ROSE, RTSE,CCRSE)
Presentation Service / Presentation Protocol
OSI RM OSI Protocol Suite
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 56 OSI Protocols (2)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
OSI specification developed and implemented by OSI and ITU-T
Network
  • routing: Intermediate-System- to-Intermediate-System, End-System-to-Intermediate-System
  • services: Connection-Less Network Protocol/Service Connection Oriented Network/Protocol (ISO 8473, ISO 8208)
  • specification: ISO 8468, ISO 8348, ISO TR 9575
  • addressing: NSAP - Network Service Access Point
Initial Domain Part
Domain
Identifier
Station
Address
Administration
Area
Domain Specific Part
Format
Identifier
Selector
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 57 OSI Protocols (3)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Transport
  • connection oriented services: TP0 (simplest), TP1, TP2, TP3, TP4 (most complex)
  • connection-less service: TP4
Session : defined by ISO 8326, ITU-T X.215, ISO 8327, ITU-T X.225, ISO 9548
Presentation
Session
SS-User
Session
Service
SSAP
Session Service Access Point
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 58 OSI Protocols (4)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Presentation : defined by ISO 8822, ITU-T X.216, ISO 8823, ITU-T X.226, ISO 9576
Application
Presentation
PS-User
Presentation
Service
PSAP
Presentation Service Access Point
HTML version of Basic Foils prepared Dec. 6 98

Foil 59 OSI Protocols (5)

From Introduction to Network Protocols Lectures at Xi'an Jaotong University -- Sept 1998. *
Full HTML Index
Application
  • Common Application Service Elements
    • Association Control Service Element (ACSE)
    • Remote Operations Service Element (ROSE)
    • Reliable Transfer Service Element (RTSE)
    • Commitment, Concurrence, and Recovery Service Element (CCRSE)
  • Specific Application Service Elements
  • Application Processes
    • Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP)
    • Message Handling System (MHS)
    • Virtual Terminal Protocol (VTP)
    • File Transfer, Access and Management (FTAM)
    • Directory services (DS)
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