Modules to support routing functions
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in hierarchical routing, within a domain routing is provided via interior routing (e.g. OSPF), while routing access domains is provided via exterior routing (e.g. BGP)
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tag switching allows the decoupling of interior and exterior routing
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packets can carry no ONE but a set tags organized as a stack
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in multicast routing , multicast routing procedures (e.g.PIM) are responsible for constructing spanning trees, with receivers as leaves
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tag switch supports multicast by utilizing data-link layer multicast capabilities
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