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Large Retail Store |
Double Duct (Dual Duct) with Central Air-Handler and Chilled Water |
Water Chiller(s) |
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A chiller is a machine built to satisfy a need for
cooling via the chilling of a fluid, most commonly water. Chillers
can be categorized as one of two basic types; those which employ
a mechanical vapor compression cycle with a fluorocarbon based
refrigerant, and those which use a chemical absorption process
with water as the refrigerant. A variety of subtypes exist within
each category.
Carrier manufactures an extensive array of chillers
of both types. Mechanical vapor compression chillers most commonly
utilize centrifugal, rotary screw, or reciprocating compressors.
Absorption chillers are available in both single and double effect
versions. All feature the quality and reliability you'd expect
from the world's number one air-conditioning company.
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Within this category of chiller there is a multitude
of different types, each having its own niche within the market.
Design variations within this broad family include:
While each of these considerations has an impact
on a customer's choice of chiller, perhaps the most significant
variable relates to the type of compressor used to move refrigerant
through the vapor compression cycle. The three most common types
of compressor used in today's chillers are reciprocating,
rotary screw,
and centrifugal.
Centrifugal and rotary screw compressor chillers
are generally chosen when lifecycle cost is most important, whereas
reciprocating compressor machines are chosen when first cost is
most important.
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The reciprocating chiller is the most common of the air conditioning water chillers that uses the mechanical vapor compression cycle. Reciprocating chillers which range from 15 to 400 tons and come in three varieties: Air-cooled, Condenserless, and Water-cooled. These designations derive from the method in which the heat of the building is rejected from the chillers.
The name reciprocating comes from the type of compressor used, which is a positive displacement device with a piston design that vacillates up and down to form compression. The chillers use either an air-cooled condenser or cooling tower for heat rejection. The air-cooled condenser can be integral to the unit or remotely located. A "condenserless" chiller is designed for remote location of the condenser.
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Once dominated by centrifugal machines, chiller sales
in the 100-350 ton capacity range today are more often than not
rotary screw machines, or screw chillers as they are commonly
known. Screw compressors generally use one or two screw shaped
rotors to squeeze refrigerant vapor into an ever decreasing volume
as it traverses the rotors.
Highly efficient, and with reliability often rivaling
that of centrifugal machines, screw chillers are a cost effective
alternative in today's market.
Carrier manufactures two different screw chillers,
to address two different market needs.
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Carrier's new 30HX
ranges from 100-280 tons capacity. It was
designed as a cost effective and more efficient alternative to
water-cooled reciprocating chillers, and features dual refrigerant
circuits and HFC-134a operation.
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The 23XL
screw chiller is available in capacities ranging from 150-350
tons. Considering efficiency, reliability, serviceability and
sound levels during operation, it is the industry's only truly
centrifugal-class screw chiller.
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Carrier's Product
Integrated Control (PIC) for chillers
are designed to optimize chiller performance in both stand-alone
and networked applications. These advanced microprocessors-based
devices are factory installed for trouble-free operation. Your
chiller arrives preprogrammed to meet your precise control requirements.
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Carrier provides two additional control systems which
can be used to control the operation of multiple chillers to provide
energy savings. Using the Chillervisor
System, you can provide coordinated energy-savings
for your centrifugal chillers and for the entire chilled water
plant including water towers, pumps, and valves. Using the Water
System Manager in combination with the
Chillervisor System allows for additional overall energy-savings
by matching the output of your chillers to the chilled water requirements
of your air-handlers.
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Centrifugal machines are the industry's choice for
those chiller applications which require cooling capacities above
approximately 350 tons. Known for their high efficiency and reliable
operation, these machines often provide 20 to 30 years or more
of cost-effective cooling.
Almost always of a packaged design (compressor, cooler,
and condenser all located within close proximity of each other),
employing a flooded cooler and a water-cooled condenser, these
machines utilize a centrifugal compressor of either hermetic or
open-drive type.
Dr. Willis Carrier invented the centrifugal chiller
in 1927. Today, we manufacture an impressive lineup of machines,
all with the quality and reliability you have come to expect from
Carrier.
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The Evergreen line of centrifugal chillers was developed
to optimize the product line for use with non ozone depleting
chlorine free HFC-134a refrigerant. The result of this effort
is a significant improvement in operating efficiency in both the
standard design 19XR chiller and the high efficiency 19XRT which
includes Carrier's patented energy recovery turbine design. The
19XR has capacities ranging from 350 to 800 tons; the 19XRT has
capacities ranging from 350 to 525 tons.
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The 19XL line of centrifugal chillers are available
with either HCFC-22 or chlorine free HFC-134a refrigerant with
capacities ranging from 300 to 600 tons. The positive pressure
design is up to 25% smaller than equivalent low pressure centrifugal
chillers. With the bolt together design the 19XL can be easily
disassembled, rigged into place, and reassembled in the plant
room. This ability eliminates the need to tear down walls to
rig the chiller into place. It's the ideal chiller for the growing
replacement market worldwide.
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The Carrier 17/19EX centrifugal refrigeration machine
provides an owner with industrial value at commercial competitiveness.
With capacities ranging from 600 to 2300 tons, these chillers
are normally applied to systems requiring tonnage's in excess
of 4000 tons. The hermetic 19 series version of the EX is well
suited for large building, commercial complexes, light industrial,
medical complexes, and district cooling plants. The open-drive
17 series version of the EX offers compressor driver flexibility.
Central energy plants, or heavy industrial sites requiring open
motor, or turbine drives are served by this product. These chillers
use environmentally friendly chlorine free R134a refrigerant.
The no compromise flexible design of the Carrier 17/19EX makes
this chiller the ideal choice for large tonnage applications.
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Carrier offers industrial grade high-efficiency packaged
and site-erected centrifugal chillers for open drive applications
incorporating electric or steam turbine drive equipment. Applications
using refrigerant 134a to 6800 tons of chilled water duty with
variations of equipment design applied to cooling tower, radiator
or air-cooled requirements.
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Carrier's Product
Integrated Control (PIC) for chillers
are designed to optimize chiller performance in both stand-alone
and networked applications. These advanced microprocessors-based
devices are factory installed for trouble-free operation. Your
chiller arrives preprogrammed to meet your precise control requirements.
( top of page | outline )
Carrier provides two additional control systems which
can be used to control the operation of multiple chillers to provide
energy savings. Using the Chillervisor
System, you can provide coordinated energy-savings
for your centrifugal chillers and for the entire chilled water
plant including water towers, pumps, and valves. Using the Water
System Manager in combination with the
Chillervisor System allows for additional overall energy-savings
by matching the output of your chillers to the chilled water requirements
of your air-handlers.
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Absorption chillers are commercially available in
three designs which employ different cycles depending on the
heat source supplied to the generator. The simplest and most common
type is the single effect chiller which typically uses
low-pressure steam as the heat source in the generator and incorporates
one stage of lithium bromide solution reconcentration. The double
effect type usually employs high-pressure steam in the generator
and features two stages of solution reconcentration which increases
the efficiency or COP (coefficient of performance). Both of the
above types are classified as indirect-fired chillers as combustion
of the fuel is not taking place within the chiller itself. The
third type is the direct-fired absorption chiller/heater,
which utilizes the combustion of natural gas or No. 2 fuel oil
inside the generator as the heat source. This type is also a double
effect design (two stages of solution reconcentration) and is
capable of producing chilled water as well as hot water that can
be used for a variety of purposes.
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The 16JB single effect absorption chiller is available
in capacities ranging from 100 to 680 tons and utilizes either
low-pressure steam or hot water as the heat source. Typical COP
is 0.7 which equates to a steam rate of approximately 18 lb/hr-ton.
The 16JB is available in 15 model sizes and is ideal for retrofit
or new construction projects. It can be shipped fully assembled
or in two pieces to simplify rigging and installation into buildings
with limited access. It is especially well suited to cogeneration
projects where waste heat in the form of steam or low-grade hot
water are available.
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The 16JT double effect absorption chiller operates
on a heat source of high-pressure steam and boasts a nominal steam
rate of less than 10 lb/hr-ton for a COP of 1.20. It is the most
extensive double effect steam absorption chiller product line
available in the industry today. Capacities range from 100 to
1700 tons in 31 model sizes; many of which incorporate marine
style waterboxes as standard on certain heat exchangers. In addition,
hinged waterbox covers on the evaporator, absorber and condenser
are furnished as standard to simplify tube cleaning and maintenance.
The 16JT is a compact design and also can be shipped in various
knockdown configurations to ease rigging and installation.
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The 16DF direct-fired double effect absorption chiller/heater
ranges from 135 to 1000 tons and is available in 17 model sizes
to fit almost any application. Fired by natural gas and/or No.
2 fuel oil, the 16DF features a COP of .97 which takes into account
the combustion efficiency of the burner which is furnished as
an integral part of the machine. It is capable of producing not
only chilled water in the cooling mode, but also up to 140F hot
water in the standard (2-pipe) heating mode using the evaporator
as the heating bundle. When higher hot water temperatures are
required, an optional auxiliary heat exchanger can be added allowing
hot water temperatures up to 175F in a 4-pipe configuration. Hinged
waterbox covers on the evaporator, absorber and condenser are
also standard as well as marine waterboxes on select heat exchangers.
Multiple-piece shipment facilitates rigging in buildings with
limited access. Carrier manufactures three different absorption
chillers, to address different market needs.
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Carrier's Product
Integrated Control (PIC) for chillers
are designed to optimize chiller performance in both stand-alone
and networked applications. These advanced microprocessors-based
devices are factory installed for trouble-free operation. Your
chiller arrives preprogrammed to meet your precise control requirements.
( top of page | outline )
Carrier provides an additional control system which
can be used to control the operation of multiple chillers to provide
energy savings. The Water
System Manager provides energy-savings
by matching the output of your absorption chillers to the chilled
water requirements of your air-handlers.