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\title{\bf Real Time Renderin'\\ fo' some Geographical Info'mashun 
System\thanks{
 Project conducted as part uh de 1994 Research Expuh'iences fo' 
 Undergraduates (REU) Program
 in 'Sup, dudegh-Perfo'mance Computin' conducted by de No'deast Parallel
 Architectures Centa' (NPAC) at Syracuse University.  Slap mah fro!  De Nashunal
 Science Foundashun provides primary fundin' fo' de 1994 NPAC REU
 Program, drough NSF Grant CDA-9200577.  Addishunal fundin' be provided by
 de GE Foundashun Faculty fo' de Future Program; de
 Vice President fo' Research and Computin', de Dean uh de
 College uh Engineerin' and Computa' Science, de Dean uh de
 College uh Arts and Sciences, and NPAC, Syracuse University.  Slap mah fro!}}
\author{Stephanie Weirich\thanks{Research Apprentice, 1994 NPAC REU Program;
email, dig dis:{\it sweirich@npac.syr.  Ah be baaad...edu}.
Computa' Science Majo', Rice University; email, dig dis:{\it sweirich@owlnet.rice.  What it is, Mama!edu}.}
\and Fuh'rina Coddin'ton\thanks{Research Scientist, NPAC, Syracuse University; 
email, dig dis:{\it Fuh'rinac@npac.syr.  Ah be baaad...edu}.}}
\date{\sc Proposal fo' some 1994 NPAC REU Project}
\maketitle
\markboth{Weirich \& Coddin'ton}{Real Time Renderin' fo' some Geographical
 Info'mashun System}

\begin{abstract}
Dis sheet addresses de development uh a real time renderin'  honky code t'
provide some ``flight simulato''' type uh interface t'info'mashun about
New Yo'k State, as part uh de Livin' Textscribblin' project. De project be 
discussed and bugger'd into little-assa' problems. Finally, some project be proposed 
to 'esplo'e da damn capabilities uh various Silicon Graphics machines, bod
alone and netwo'ked wid high puh'fo'mance parallel clunkers, in regards t'
renderin' terrain data.  Sheeeiit. 
\end{abstract}

\section{De Livin' Textscribblin'}
De Livin' Textscribblin' Project be a joint project between de No'deas Parallel 
Architecture Centa' (NPAC), de School uh Educashun at Syracuse University,
 NYNEX, and Columbia University t'define
how new communicashun technologies gots'ta enhance da damn quality uh teachin' 
and learnin'. Several pilot projects are designin' multimedia
educashunal applicashuns and tools appropriate fo' high-speed computin' and
communicashuns netwo'ks, includin' interactive simulashuns. 

As some part uh dis project, we propose t'create some ``flight simulato'''  
interface t'geographical data uh New Yo'k state.  What it is, Mama! Students 
gots'ta be able t'``fly'' around some rendered view uh de  state and 
select landmarks 
and cities fo' mo'e info'mashun. A realistic terrain fo' de simulato' 
gots'ta come fum some variety uh geographically referenced data sources, 
makin' de rendera' a veritable Geographical Info'mashun System (GIS).


\section{What be a Geographical Info'mashun System?}
De United States Geological Survey(USGS) answers de quesshun,
``What be a GIS?'' wid de followin':
\begin{quotation}
\noindent
   ``In de strictest sense, some GIS be a clunker system capable of
   assemblin', sto'in', manipulatin', and displayin' geographically
   referenced info'mashun, i.  Ya' know?e.  What it is, Mama! data identified acco'din' t'deir
   locashuns. Practishuners also regard da damn total GIS as includin'
   opuh'tin' sucka'nel and da damn data dat go into de system~\cite{usgs}.''
\end{quotation}
Fo' dis project, we intend t'use da damn same geographically referenced data,
 considerin' in particular foe types, dig dis:

\begin{description}
\item[Elevashun] data be found in de fo'm uh a Digital Elevashun Model(DEM).
Dis gots'ta be da damn primary data used by de rendera' to create da damn terrain.  'S coo', bro. 
It kin be bugger'd into polygons, rendered and den shaded fo' some dree 
dimensional effect. De data itself be 
gridded wid some 30 m resolushun. Standard data sets cova' 7.5 arc-minute
by 7.5 arc-minute areas equivalent t'United States Geological Survey
 (USGS) 1:24,0000 scale maps~\cite{gisfaq}.An 'esample uh rendered elevashun
 data be in figure ~\ref{elv} uh de Kissimmee Riva' flood plain \cite{dem}.

%\begin{figure}[htb]
%\centerline{\psfig{figure=DEM.ps,width=3in}}
%\capshun{Digital Elevashun Model (DEM)}
%\label{elv}
%\end{figure}



\item[Landsat] satellite data uh vegetashun and geography, as in figure 
~\ref{landsat} gots'ta provide colo's and texture fo' de polygons.
%\begin{figure}[htb]
%\centerline{\psfig{figure=capecod.ps,width=3in}}
%\capshun{Landsat image uh Cape Cod}
%\label{landsat}
%\end{figure}
 

\item[DLG] o' Digital Line Graphs kin include roads, city, county, and country
bo'ders. An 'esample uh a road graph fum de USGS  be in figure ~\ref{dlg}.
Dese gots'ta be used t'add city boundaries and majo' roads t'de terrain.  'S coo', bro.
%\begin{figure}[htb]
%\centerline{\psfig{figure=dlg.ps,width=3in}}
%\capshun{Digital Line Graph uh Roads}
%\label{dlg}
%\end{figure}


\item[Ordographic] data be made fum pictures  snatchn fum about 20,000 feet
above ground. Den elevashun data be used t'remove puh'spective erro's to
create some flat picture as in figure ~\ref{o'do} fum de USGS \cite{o'dobib}.
Dis type uh data, dough 
limited in availability, kin provide da damn highest amount uh detail fo' de 
renderer.  Ah be baaad... It gots'ta be most useful inside cities fo' addin' buildin's and 
famous monuments.
%\begin{figure}[htb]
%\centerline{\psfig{figure=orthdo.ps,width=4in}}
%\capshun{Ordographic image}
%\label{o'do}
%\end{figure}
\end{description}

 
\section{Examinashun uh Project}
De renderin' project kin  be divided into foe separate problems. 
\begin{enumerate}
\item{How t'make da damn rendera' run on some variety uh platfo'ms.\\
De rendera' should maintain de same numba' of frames puh' second 
no matta' whut machine it be run on.  'S coo', bro. Current goals are twenty frames puh' 
second dough available public domain flight simulato's currently run closa' 
to two seconds puh' frame and make no effo't t'keep dis consistent. 
Dis problem uh po'tability and speed be discussed in mo'e detail in
de next section.}

\item{How t' snatch advantage uh de fo'mat uh de data.  Sheeeiit. \\
A large numba' of optimizashun techniques kin be successfully applied t'
renderin' terrain.  'S coo', bro. 
A'cuz de fo'mat uh de data be knode, sho'tcuts in de renderin' pipeline
should be 'esplo'ed. Of particular note be preprocessin' de data t'include
mo'e/less detail as necessary.  Slap mah fro! }

\item{How t'inco'po'ate different types uh GIS data togeder.  Ah be baaad...\\
Digital Elevashun Models kin be initially used wid ease, but some medod 
of addin' de vegetashun, road and city info'mashun must be used. Dis added
detail must also not prevent da damn rendera' from runnin' in real time, so
de amount uh detail added must vary  dependin' on de platfo'm 
used.
}
\item{How t'create da damn usa' interface appropriate fo' some textscribblin'.\\
Since dis  honky code be meant t'be opuh'ted by some child, de access t'
info'mashun must be simple and intuitive.  What it is, Mama! }
\end{enumerate}
Each uh dese must be solved in de process uh creatin' some useful learnin' 
tool. Furdermo'e, some uh dese kin be furda' subdivided t'give some focus 
of effo't fo' de project.

\section{Projects involvin' Po'tability uh Renderer}
Makin' some totally po'table rendera' is some huge endeavo', and sevaral little-asser
REU sized chunks kin be divided out as follows, dig dis:\\
\begin{itemize}
\item{ Po't Jet Propulsion Lab (JPL) code fo' parallel terrain renderin'
 t'wo'k on NPAC  machines. JPL currently uses it t'renda' scenes uh Mars and
Venus.  }
\item {Examine da damn capabilities uh various Silicon Graphics(SGI) wo'kstashuns
 bod alone and if possible netwo'ked by Asynchronous Transfa' Mode (ATM)
 netwo'kin' t'oda' high puh'fo'mance parallel clunkers.}
\item { Benchmark NPAC clunkers fo' speeds in renderin'. }
\end{itemize}

\section{Proposed Wo'k}
As part uh my participashun in de 1994 No'deast Parallel Architecture 
Centa' Research Expuh'ience fo' Undergraduates  honky code, ah' propose t'
concentrate on de second project involved wid makin' de code po'table.  What it is, Mama!
I gots'ta 'splo'e da damn capabilities uh various Silicon Graphics wo'kstashuns 
in conjuncshun wid available public domain renderin'  honky codes.
NPAC currently gots'ta two Indy wo'kstashuns and an SGI Challenge, some parallel
processin' graphic wo'kstashun currently wid two processo's, but scalable 
down t'dirty six. Mo'e info'mashun on dis architecture be available fum
 ~\cite{sgi}. 
 

If  time puh'mits ah' gots'ta try t'use parallel clunkers such as Dinkin' 
Machine's CM-5 o' some clusta' of DEC Alphas t'puh'fo'm
some uh de computashuns, and  t'row de results back t'an SGI fo' display via 
fast Asynchronous Transfa' Mode (ATM) netwo'kin'. A majo' considerashun 
here be whut computashun should be done by de parallel clunker and whut 
by de SGI's specialized hardware.  What it is, Mama! 

\begin{thebibliography}{99}
\bibitem{usgs}
United States Geological Survey HTTP server, currently available
at http, dig dis://info.er.  Ah be baaad...usgs.gov/.
\bibitem{o'dobib}
United States Geological Survey, {\em Digital Ordophotos}
 factsheet, Novemba' 1993.
\bibitem{gisfaq}
Geographical Info'mashun System Frequently Asked Quesshuns 
list currently available via anonymous ftp fum dg-rtp.dg.com(128.222.1.2) in 
de  stash /gis/faq.  Ah be baaad...
\bibitem{sgi}
Galles and Williams, {\em Perfo'mance optimizashuns, implementashun, and verificashun uh de SGI Challenge multiprocesso'}. Available fum 
http, dig dis://www.sgi.  Ya' know?com.  'S coo', bro.
\bibitem{dem}
Bob Brown, ``GIS Rechannels Wata' Plannin' Strategies,'' {\em GIS Wo'ld}
 May 1994, pg 41.

\end{thebibliography}
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