Full HTML for Basic Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum

http://www.npac.syr.edu/projects/tutorials/Java
In particular, note that the lecture page has the complete Java lectures for CPS606 and the Java Academy.

This tutorial http://www.npac.syr.edu/projects/admijune99

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Foil 4 What can we discuss / Bring to the table?

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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Teaching Java at middle and high school level

Teaching Java and many related Web and distributed object technologies at undergraduate, graduate and professional training level

Internetics Curriculum capturing interface between distributed information and computing technology and applications -- from Internet commerce, distance education to world wide computing

Technology and experience in interactive distance education in partnership with other organizations

Rich electronic curricula available on Web or CDROM

Linkage to Supercomputing with NCSA Alliance and Java Grande Forum

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Foil 5 The language Java

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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What is Java?

A simple, object oriented, distributed, interpreted, robust, safe, architecture neutral, portable, high performance, multithreaded, dynamic language.

Java is interesting because

It is both a general purpose object-oriented language along the lines of C++
and it is particularly designed to interface with Web pages and to enable distributed applications over the internet.

The Web is becoming the dominant software development arena; this will drive Java as the best supported, most widely taught language

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Foil 6 Java is an important language in the world

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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The Java Language has several good design features

secure, safe (wrt bugs), object-oriented, familiar (to C C++ and even Fortran programmers)

Java has a very good set of libraries covering everything from commerce, multimedia, images to math functions (under development at http://math.nist.gov/javanumerics)

Java has best available electronic and paper training and support resources, growing labor force trained in Java

Java is rapidly getting best integrated program development environments

Java naturally integrated with network and universal machine supports powerful "write once-run anywhere" model

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Foil 7 Java is also important in computer science

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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Increasingly, Java is the language used for important computing paradigms that support applications: object-oriented computing, event-driven computing, distributed objects, linkage to databases, visual/component computing, client/servers, networking, multimedia computing . . .

So Java is an important language to include at an advanced computer science level, along with other languages such as C++, that are useful to students to get jobs.

But the good design features of Java also make it suitable for teaching basic computer science concepts: algorithms, data structures, software design, . . .

See the (old, but still relevant) discussion by Doug Lea at http://gee.cs.oswego.edu/dl/html/javaInCS.html

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Foil 8 Developing Java in the curriculum

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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At NPAC, our interests in distributed applications and Web computing led us to start teaching Java as just one of the Web applications soon after Java was adopted by major companies in December 1995 (in the class CPS616 in the spring of 1996).

As Java increased in importance, more and more web technologies were based on the Java framework. Now we teach Java (and web architecture) in an introductory course on web programming(the class CPS606), while the class CPS616 discusses some 6 or 7 major web technologies, most of which are based on Java in some way.

Our teaching of Java in these courses has been the traditional computer science way - go through each aspect of the language in order. We illustrate this in the second part of the talk.

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Foil 9 Another Way of teaching Java

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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The traditional way to teach the language Java assumes that students already know programming concepts and are motivated to learn Java. One covers all aspects of each language feature in an orderly fashion. All (that I know of) Java textbooks are written in this way.

We are now teaching Java for middle/high school students and have developed what we think is an better method for teaching Java that should also be suitable for some undergraduates. It is based on a sequence of motivating examples, starting with graphics for visually-based programs, and progressing through more advanced concepts.

Language features are taught as they are required within the examples. And no effort is made to thoroughly cover every aspect of a feature that is not required at that time.

Template programs are given for more advanced features that need only be understood loosely the first time.

The art of this style of teaching lies in choosing examples that are interesting, but that use a minimal progression of features.

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Foil 10 The Java Academy Teaching Java by Examples (condensed tutorial version)

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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Java is the most social language ......

"Hello World" in Java can be shared with student's peers while

printf in C gives a dull piece of paper ..........

Important to motivate students in their first language by an application they understand

Java is a better first language than Pascal or C++

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Foil 11 Java Applets

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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We start by explaining that ....

There are two types of Java programs: applets and applications

A Java applet lives on the web and runs inside an ordinary web browser window

A Java application runs on any machine with a Java interpreter installed

In the Java Academy, we concentrate on applets...

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Foil 12 A simple Java applet - Hello World!

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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import java.awt.Graphics;

public class HelloApplet extends java.applet.Applet

{ public void paint (Graphics g)

{ g.drawString("Hello World!", 5, 25);

}

The import statement allows the use of Graphics methods

The paint method uses graphics methods like drawString to draw objects on the window

You name the applet here.

The applet is a program with methods, like paint, that are called by the browser to draw in the window. This applet displays the string "Hello World!"

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Foil 13 Displaying your applet

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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Here is an HTML file with an applet tag to display the results of drawing the applet. First compile the file HelloApplet.java and then run the browser on this html file.

The students had a JavaEdit (public domain edit/compile environment) program that made this easy.

<html><head>

<title>Simple Hello Page</title>

</head>

<body>

My Java applet says:

<applet code="HelloApplet.class" width=150 height=25>

</applet>

</body></html>

Name of your applet class.

The browser will use a rectangle of width 150 pixels and height 25 pixels to display the applet within the other html.

We made a Java Version

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Foil 14 Graphics Concepts

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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Think of a Java applet as a graphics window on which to draw text and other objects

The graphics window has a particular width and height as specified in the <APPLET> tag

The origin is in the top left-hand corner of the graphics window: the x-coordinate increases from left to right, while the y-coordinate increases from top to bottom

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Foil 15 Graphics Methods

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There are graphics methods to draw lines, arcs, ovals, rectangles and other shapes. Here is one example:

The drawRect(...) method draws a rectangle anchored at point (x,y): public void drawRect( int x, int y, int w, int h );

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Foil 16 Language Basics

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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For the class, we have some basic simple slides to show

what is a computer
variables
types int and String
assignment
arithmetic
order of execution

All these are on the Web (go to http://www.npac.syr.edu/projects/k12javaspring99 )

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Foil 17 For Loops (slide from Java Academy)

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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A loop statement tells the computer to execute a set of instructions many times, and is controlled by the loop variable.

int sum, num;

num = 8;

sum = 0;

for ( int i = 0; i < num; i++ )

{

sum = sum + i;

}

repeat loop 8 times and

add 1 to i each time

The body of the loop is repeated. Values of i each time around the loop:

i is 0

i is 1

i is 2

. . .

i is 7

What is the value of sum at the end?

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Foil 18 First Programming Lab - Patterns of Shapes

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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import java.applet.Applet;

import java.awt.*;

public class Pattern extends Applet

{ public void paint( Graphics g )

{

// The variable x represents where to draw in the x direction (to the right)

int x = 0;

// sets the background to be white and drawing color to be magenta

setBackground ( Color.white);

g.setColor( Color.magenta );

// draw a sequence of 6 circles of size 40, evenly spaced

for ( int i = 0; i < 6; i++ )

{ x = x + 50;

// each circle has y = 20, width and height = 40 pixels

g.fillOval ( x, 20, 40, 40 );

} } }

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Foil 19 Patterns of Shapes

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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The lab is written so that students start with an example. Suggestions are given for students to work with variables and the for loop to produce new patterns. Students are encouraged to be creative with patterns and colors.

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Foil 20 Histogram Lab

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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The lecture material introduces arrays and more on Graphics fonts and colors. The example program uses random numbers to simulate throwing a die and records each "face" in a histogram array. Students extend this example with sums of dice.

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Foil 21 Opinion Poll Lab

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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In this lab, "if" tests are introduced. The students work more with arrays and graphics. (This student used arcs to produce the pie chart.)

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Foil 22 GUI Events - MadLib example

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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This lab introduces the topic of event programming with buttons and textfields. The students used a simplified applet template that handles events and learned how to put in additional buttons and textfields.

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared June 5 99

Foil 23 Layouts - Tic-tac-toe gameboard

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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This lab introduced using a layout to organize a set of buttons into border and grid arrangements. They used this to do magic squares or simple calculators.

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Foil 24 User interface for drawing shapes

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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This lab combined graphics drawing with buttons and textfields to control the drawing. It sets up a standard applet layout for such programs.

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Foil 25 Animations

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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This lab used a template for an animation with a thread to keep redrawing a graphics object in a new location.

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Foil 26 Java Academy in spring 99

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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Taught every Saturday afternoon for 2 hours using Tango Interactive to deliver to Syracuse, Boston, Houston, Starkville (Mississippi)

About 45 minutes lectures; rest programming laboratories with mentor at each site

Note that these students in this particular class varied widely from programming beginners to students who already knew a little Java. So the labs were structured to have activities at various levels.

The labs could not be very complex because the students only had a little over an hour to complete them.

Students understood some programming basics, including event programming and were able to use the template programs for more advanced topics such as animations.

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Foil 27 Teaching the Java in the traditional way: a compact tutorial view of the Java Language and its Advanced Frameworks

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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HTML version of Basic Foils prepared June 5 99

Foil 28 Architecture of Java Applets

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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web server

Java code

is compiled

to produce

applet codes,

called bytecodes,

part of web

document

collection

web client, running browser

such as Netscape or IE

executes (restricted)

applet code to display

in browser window

Internet

Browsers (Netscape 2.0/3.0/4.0, HotJava, Microsoft IE ...) supporting Java allow arbitrarily sophisticated dynamic multimedia applications inserts called applets, written in Java, to be embedded in the regular HTML pages and activated on each exposure of a given page.

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Foil 29 Architecture of Java Applications

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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Java code

is compiled

to produce

bytecodes

run by Java

interpreter

to produce

results

Java code

is compiled

to produce

native code

run directly

on machine

for better

performance

Java applications are compiled and run on a machine just like any other general programming language such as C/C++. No web server or network are required although Java applications may also use network connections for distributed computing.

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Foil 30 Java Development Kit (JDK)

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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The Java compiler and interpreter come in a software package called the Java Development Kit.

The compiler, called javac, produces bytecodes, which is compiled code, not for any particular machine, but for the Java Virtual Machine (VM), and abstract machine definition. Thus the compiled code is architecture independent.

The interpreter, called java, executes the bytecodes for a particular machine. The semantics are carefully specified to be the same on all machines.

There is also a program primarily for debugging, called appletviewer, to view applets, a sort of mini-browser.

Currently in use are two versions:

JDK1.1, mature version supported by most browsers
JDK1.2, has additional classes, such as swing set for fancier user interfaces, but not yet supported by browsers in common use.

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Foil 31 Java Applications

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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All Java programs are written into a file with a ".java" extension.

Applications are .java files with a main method which is excuted first.

How to compile and run a Java application (via bytecodes):

Run the compiler on a .java file:
javac MyProgram.java
producing a file "MyProgram.class" of Java bytecodes
Run the interpreter on a .class file:
java MyProgram
which executes the bytecodes

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared June 5 99

Foil 32 The Simplest Java Application: Hello,World!

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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Since Java is object-oriented, programs are organized into modules called classes, which may have data in variables and subroutines called methods.

class HelloWorld

{ public static void main (String[] args)

{ System.out.println("Hello World!");

}

Each program is enclosed in a class definition.

main() is the first method that is run.

The notation class.method or package.class.method is how to refer to a public method (with some exceptions).

Syntax is similar to C - braces for blocks, semicolon after each statement. One difference: upper and lower case matter!

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Foil 33 Java Applets

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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Java applets are classes written in Java which are intended not to run as stand-alone programs (as applications do) but as subprograms of a browser which is already managing a window.

Applets should NOT have main method but rather methods called init, start, paint etc. for displaying on the browser window

Applets are not trusted as a default, so they have several restricitions on running on the client machine

no printing or file I/O
cannot connect through the network to any machine but its own server
any new windows created by the applet have a warning label

One can sign Applets (that is what Tango does) to allow user to give permission for such services

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Foil 34 Preparing an Applet

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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The applet should be run through javac compiler getting a .class file as before: javac MyApplet.java

The resulting file MyApplet.class is then stored in the document collection of a web server (hence has a URL location).

Also create an HTML file (say MyApplet.html) with an applet tag to MyApplet.class.

When the browser loads the .html file, it will also download the .class file and invoke the java interpreter to run the init, start, and paint methods.

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared June 5 99

Foil 35 The Simplest Java Applet: Hello, World!

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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Java applets are part of the class hierarchy that can call methods to display on a screen (within the browser window). One way to draw on the screen is to call the method drawString from the standard method paint.

import java.awt.Graphics;

public class HelloApplet extends java.applet.Applet

{ public void paint (Graphics g)

{ g.drawString("Hello World!", 5, 25);

}

The import statement allows the use of methods from the Graphics class without the dot notation .

The paint method displays a graphics object on the screen - one of the standard methods that takes the place of main for applets.

Puts this as a subclass of Applet.

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared June 5 99

Foil 36 Displaying your applet from a Web page.

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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You should name the file with your applet name, HelloWorldApplet.java, run the compiler (javac), getting a bytecode file HelloWorldApplet.class, which you put in a web directory.

<html><head>

<title>Simple Hello Page</title>

</head>

<body>

My Java applet says:

<applet code="HelloWorldApplet.class" width=150 height=25>

</applet>

</body></html>

Name of your applet class.

The browser will use a rectangle of width 150 pixels and height 25 pixels to display the applet within the other html.

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Foil 37 Multi-tier Architecture

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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Distributed applications on the web naturally have a multi-tier architecture.

Java plays a role at all three levels:

Graphical User Interface and client side analysis systems, including visualization
Middle layer servers and software integration, including web servers, distributed object servers and other application servers.
Less important for backend client software, which may be legacy code.

Middle level servers

Client user interface running through browser

Internet

Internet or proprietary network

Backend computing or databases

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Foil 38 Java vs. JavaScript

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Despite the word "java" in the name, JavaScript is a different language than Java, albeit with some similarities.

A JavaScript program is written directly into the HTML page, and is executed by the JavaScript intrepeter, so also executes dynamic web page content in the browser window.

JavaScript is special purpose - it is an object-based language that deals directly with browser entities such as windows, textfields, forms, frames and documents.

JavaScript can respond to browser events such as mouse clicks and user-typed text.

JavaScript is easy and fast to write, but not as powerful as Java.

Client side with dynamic HTML, JavaScript can be more effective than Java

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Foil 39 Resources for the Java Programming Language

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The original resource was The Java Language Specification by Sun Microsystems, Inc., March 1995 updated to October 1995 but superceded by

The Java Programming Language, by Ken Arnold and James Gosling, 2nd edition, Addison-Wesley, 1998.

http://www.javasoft.com web site has plenty of references including

Tutorial: http://www.javasoft.com/books/Series/Tutorial/index.html
Sun's book series: http://java.sun.com/docs/books
Collection of Applets: http://www.gamelan.com

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Foil 40 Some of the 1000 Textbooks

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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We have used these books for course textbooks

core Java, by Gary Cornell and Cay S. Horstmann, Sunsoft Press, Prentice-Hall, offers detailed coverage of the whole language and packages for advanced programmers. Also Volume 2 gives good coverage of advanced topics such as JDBC, RMI, JavaBeans and security.
Java, How to Program, by Deitel and Deitel, Prentice-Hall, starts with beginning programming concepts and progresses rapidly through Java language. It has the most programming exercises and also has companion teaching multimedia books.

We can also recommend a reference book

Java in a Nutshell, by David Flanagan, is the language reference book in the familiar O'Reilly series. The 2nd edition of this book omits many examples from the first edition to make room for large section on JDK 1.1.
See Also Java Examples in a Nutshell.

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Foil 41 Java Language Basics

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Java syntax has many similarities to C and C++.

Some differences

No malloc or free - it has automatic garbage collection.
No pointers - designers felt pointer arithmetic not robust or safe.
Can declare variables almost anywhere as needed.
No struct, union, enum, typedef from C- it has classes and objects instead.
Primitive types for integers and floats have machine independent semantics.
Booleans in Java have value either "true" or "false" (not 0,1,...).

Some similarities

All variables must be declared
Syntax and comments
Control structures: if, while, and for statements, expressions

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Foil 42 Types

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A variable is either a primitive type such as int, float or double, or it is an object.

Arrays are objects, but have a special syntax for creating and indexing, more like C and C++.

int states [ ]; declares the states variable to be a 1D array of ints
states = new int [ 128 ]; creates the new 1D array of length 128
states [ 27 ] = i + 1; assigning to an element

Multi-dimensional arrays are arrays of arrays

char states [ ] [ ] = new char [12 ] [ 24 ]; delaring and creating at the same time
they can also be "ragged"

Arrays can have values that are any type of object

Color hues = new Color [ 1024 ];

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Foil 43 Example of basic language syntax

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public class SumArray

{

public static void main (String[] args)

{ // array declaration

int a[ ] = new int[10];

int total=0;

/* initialize a - note the use of array instance variable length */

for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++)

{ a[i] = i * 5; }

/* sum the array */

for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++)

total += a[i];

System.out.println( "\n" + "The sum of the array is " + total + "\n");

}

Familiar C operators ++ and +=

String catenation

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Foil 44 Object Model Overview

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Programs are composed of a set of modules called classes. Each class is a template specifying a set of behaviors on the data of the class.

Each class has instance variables to hold the data and methods (called functions or procedures in other languages) to define the behaviors. Each object in a program is created as an instance of a class. Each class instance has its own copy of the instance variables.

Classes can be used for data encapsulation, hiding the details of the data representation from the user of the class (by marking variables as private).

Instance

Variables

Methods

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Foil 45 Class definition

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The class definition consists of

a header line giving the class name, modifiers, possible subclass and interface structure
declarations (and possibly initializations) of instance variables
declaration of a constructor method. This method has the same name as the class and does any initialization whenever an instance is created.
declarations of other methods.to perform operations using the data in the instance variable of the class

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Foil 46 An example of a class definition

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public class FAstate extends otherClass implements someInterface { // instance variables private int state; //constructors public className ( . . . parameters . . . ) { . . . initialize instance variables (perhaps with parameters) . . . } // other method declarations public int getState ( ) { return state; } public advanceState ( int inc ) { . . . Change the state, using parameter inc . . . } }

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Foil 47 Inheritance (the subclass relationship)

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In the Java class header, we put B extends A which means B is a subclass of A, if B has all the variables and methods of A (and more).

In the class definition of B, the child class, there is no need to repeat declarations of variables and methods of A, they are assumed to be there. The definition of B has the additional variables and methods of B.

Or B may give a new definition of some method of A. This is called overriding.

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Foil 48 Access control

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The modifiers in the class head control how other classes can access this one:

public -- May be used by code outside the class package
private -- this class can only be used within current file
friendly(i.e. empty ClassModifier) -- class can be used only within current package (directory)
protected -- Only accessible to subclasses

These modifiers are also used for access control to the instance variables and methods.

There are other modifiers. For example, a static variable or method only has the same value for all instances of the class. A final variable cannot be assigned to (used for constants).

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Foil 49 Classes are used as program modules

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Some classes, such as our hello application, have just one or more method that will be executed as a program. Only one instance of these classes is created (by the interpreter).

Other classes are used to structure data, such as the previous example. Another example might be to have a class to represent type Complex. It would have

variables to hold the real and imaginary parts of each instance
a method called Complex to initialize those variables on creation
methods called add, subtract, and so on to operate on each instance of the complex class.

A computational class could create several instances of the class Complex and use them with the methods for arithmetic.

Note an object carries a lot of "baggage" compared to a simple type. We are trying to get efficient lightweight classes into language

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Foil 50 Packages

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A package is a collection of classes.

Java directly associates the names of classes and packages with the directory (folder) structure:

A package must in be a directory or folder of that name
A public class must be in a file of that name. Note that a file may contain other (non-public) classes.

Packages of classes may be defined by users as well as forming the structure of the remaining Java libraries.

What we have seen so far is all there is to the base language Java (with the exception of Exceptions and Threads!). All of the rest of Java functionality comes as classes defined in packages that come with the language. Even for threads and exceptions, much of power is Java runtime support.

Java runtime or Java VM on a given machine is library that supports Java functionality

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Foil 51 Using objects from Java packages

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Suppose that you want to use two Buttons in an applet. The Button class is in the package java.awt. java.awt.Button b1 = new java.awt.Button( "label" ); All objects created this way are represented internally as references.

Or you can more succintly use the import statement to open the context of the package java.awt:

import java.awt.*;

public class MyApplet extends java.applet.Applet

{ public void init ( )

{ Button b1 = new Button ( "start");

Button b2 = new Button ( "stop");

. . .

}

This calls the class constructor method Button to create the new instance and initialize the label .

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared June 5 99

Foil 52 Exceptions

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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Exceptions are run-time errors that may arise

divide by zero
opening a file that doesn't exist

They are handled with try and catch blocks: try { some code that may generate an exception } catch (Exception ex) { some code to handle this case }

Exceptions are described by objects which are instances or subclasses of the class Exception. You may create your own.

You don't have to handle all run-time exceptions such as divide by zero and array index out of bounds.

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared June 5 99

Foil 53 Data Structures

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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Java has classes for a rich set of data structures.

Once arrays are created, they cannot change size. But the class Vector can increase and decrease in size by adding and deleting elements.
Strings cannot be changed at all once they are created. The Stringbuffer class does allow one to change the contents in place.
The class HashTable creates a structure that maps keys to values.
A subclass of HashTable is Properties, which can create and manipulate property lists.
There is a class Stack for traditional stack structures.
There are classes for Dates and Calendars.
There are classes StringTokenizer and StreamTokenizer which usefully parse strings or streams to take out floating point numbers and identifiers as single entities.

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared June 5 99

Foil 54 Abstract Windowing Toolkit (AWT)

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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This package contains all the classes to create graphical user interfaces.

It allows some primitive drawing (in a subpackage called graphics).

It has a number of components corresponding to parts of a windowing interface

basic components like buttons, textfields, lists, scrollbars, etc.
components such as panel and frame which allow you to place a number of other components within them. This is hierarchical.

There are layout managers to help arrange the components.

There are events and a model to handle events that come from user interactions such as clicking a button or typing in text.

import awt.*;
and import awt.event.*;

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Foil 55 Basic components

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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For each basic component, one can create one or more instances of the component type and then use one of the "add" methods to place it into a Container such as an applet window.

Button button1 = new Button("Click here");
add (button1);
TextField tf = new TextField(Iinitial text", 30);
add(tf);

For each basic component, additional methods allow access to the properties of the components:

button1.setBackground (Color.cyan);
text which is displayed can be changed:
tf.setText("now show a new text");
If the user types input into the text field, it can be obtained:
stringvar = tf.getText();

Click here

Initial text

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared June 5 99

Foil 56 Event Model - I

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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The user can interact with the GUI on many of its components, by clicking a button, typing in text, etc. These actions cause an Event to be generated, which will be reported by the system to a class which is an Event Listener, and which will have an event handler method for that event. This method will provide the appropriate response to the user's action.

An Event Listener is an instance of any class that wants to receive events.

An event source is an object that generates events.. An event source will keep a list of event listeners who want to be notified for particular events.

button1.addActionListener ( eventclass );

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared June 5 99

Foil 57 Event Model - II

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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The event source notifies event listeners by invoking a particular method of the event listener (aka the event handler method) and passing it an Event object, which has all the information about the event.

public class EventClass implements ActionListener
{
public void actionPerformed ( ActionEvent ev )
{. . . put code here to respond to event ev . . . }
}

Each basic component has a defined Event class, Listener interface, and event handling method names.

Note that an interface is a class in which there are headers of methods with no method body. It just gives the name(s) of methods such as actionPerformed that the user is to provide.

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared June 5 99

Foil 58 Layout Managers

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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The various panels in a container are laid out separately in terms of their subcomponents

The arrangement is controlled by general strategies which are embodied in 5 LayoutMangers

To create a layout, such as FlowLayout, in your panel:

setLayout(new FlowLayout());
This particular Layout is the default and flows in the components in the order that the add method is called.

Other Layout Managers:

GridLayout - a regular rectangular grid (table)
BorderLayout - 5 areas as in diagram
GridBagLayout - general arrangement of space
CardLayout - card panels replace each other in the same space.

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared June 5 99

Foil 59 Additional Capabilities of the AWT

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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The AWT has many additional capabilities. It can create separate windows either in the form of frames or dialog boxes.

Frames have menubars, with menus
One can dynamically make frames appear and disappear.

The "swing" set has more advanced features such as internal frames, dynamically sized tables, trees, color choosers, overlapping components, progress bars, popup menus and many other sophisticated user interface elements.

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared June 5 99

Foil 60 Multi-threading is built into the VM

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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Both the Java language and its runtime have built in threads which are extensively used

Threads are "light-weight" processes (unlike UNIX processes), which communicate by a combination of shared memory and message passing

This communication mechanism is employed naturally by Java

Java threads are limited and for those coming from an HPCC background, we note Java threads have no immediate support for some key parallel computing concepts such as distributed memory (threads running in separate operating system instances)

Java threads are based on a locking mechanism using monitors for synchronization, introduced by Hoare in 1974

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Foil 61 Introducing Threads

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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One way to create threads is to write a separate class that subclasses the Thread class.

The main line of execution is put in a method called run(), which overrides the method of the same name from the Thread class.

Instances of this subclass are created like this:

MyThread mt = new MyThread( );

Thread control:

When the thread is created, it does not automatically start running. The class that creates it must call the Thread method start(). mt.start ( );
Other methods may be called: Thread.sleep( ), Thread.yield( ), suspend( ), resume( ), stop( ), and join( ).

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared June 5 99

Foil 62 Synchronization of threads

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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In Java, two threads can communicate by accessing a shared variable (shared-memory model).

If two threads can both modify an object, that is, they can both execute a method that assigns to a shared variable, then the modifications must be synchronized.

This is easy - just declare the method to be synchronized!

This means that Java will ensure that only one thread executes the method at a time and is not interrupted.

Suppose more than one thread has an instance of an account:

public class Account
{ int bankBalance; ...
public synchronized void CreditAcct(int amt)
{ ... bankBalance += amt; ... }}

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared June 5 99

Foil 63 More about synchronization

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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Often, one thread is producing some data, while another thread wants to use it.

A flag variable is introduced that both threads can check.

If the data is not ready (flag is false), the consuming thread can call the method wait ( ), which causes it to be suspended until some other event occurs.

When the producing thread has some data, it can set the flag to be true and call the method notify ( ), which causes an event that will "wake up" one of the suspended threads.

If the user doesn't get the logic right, there are possibilities for deadlock or other forms of non-progress.

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared June 5 99

Foil 64 Streams

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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A stream is a sequence of bytes or characters.

All types of streams are treated similarly, but may have different stream sources and sinks:

files
network connections
blocks of memory
threads

The most basic byte streams are InputStream and OutputStream. These classes have methods that can read or write a byte from or to a stream:

int read();
void write( int );
skip( long ); available(); flush(); close();

All of the above methods throw a possible IOException.

The read() and write( int ) methods "block" during transfer.

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared June 5 99

Foil 65 I/O with Streams

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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To read and write text, numbers, etc., you layer various filters on top of the basic input and output streams. These classes have additional methods to read and write data, both ascii and binary.

For example, reading lines of text from a file:

BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader( new FileInputStream( "filename.txt" ) ) ); while (( line = in.readLine() ) != null ) { buffer.append ( line + "\n"); } in.close ( );

Buffer

Break into lines

Read bytes from file

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared June 5 99

Foil 66 Network Connections with URL's

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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A Java application can create and use URL's to anywhere; applets are restricted to URL's to their own web server.

String urlStr = "http://www.npac.syr.edu/"; try { URL url = new URL( urlStr ); } catch ( MalformedURLException e ) { System.err.println( "Bad URL: " + urlStr );}

A method URL.openConnection() returns an instance of class URLConnection:

URLConnection conn = url.openConnection();
conn.connect(); // open a connection
Now use this URLConnection object to open a stream:
new InputStreamReader( conn.getInputStream() ) );

Applications can also use conn.getOutputStream(), but not applets.

Note that one can connect not just to HTML files but also to CGI scripts and other web documents.

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared June 5 99

Foil 67 Sockets for Network Communication

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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A java applet, which is downloaded from a web server host, can connect via a network socket to any port on the same machine. This could be a java application acting as a server.

Java applications can connect network sockets to any host machine on the Internet

Socket t = new Socket("internet host name", port)
sockets have methods to open input and output streams

web server host machine

browser

Applet is downloaded

from web server

applet

Internet

nnnn

web

server

Java

application

Socket based on

TCP/IP protocol

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared June 5 99

Foil 68 Java Application Servers

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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web server

host machine

applet

Internet

nnnn

Java

application

Sockets

applet

Java

application

Java

application

Java application acting as a server

A Java application can open sockets to any number of clients

Again, note that socket communication is via streams, where the client and server agree on a message protocol to communicate .

Applets and applications acting as clients

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared June 5 99

Foil 69 Remote Method Interface (RMI)

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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Java RMI allows the programming of distributed applications across the Internet at a more abstract level than sockets. One Java application or applet (the client in this context) can call the methods of an instance, or object, of a class of a Java application (the server in this context) running on another host machine.

An example of Distributed Object Programming - similar to CORBA, except that CORBA allows the remote objects to be programmed in other languages.

The goal is to make calls to remote methods on the local machine have the same syntax and semantics as local calls.

Local Machine

Remote Machine

Local Java

local method

Remote Java

remote method

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared June 5 99

Foil 70 RMI Architecture

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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One key piece is a server that acts as the network lookup, a naming registry from which the client can get a reference to the remote object (the server).

Another key piece is object serialization. Parameters to and from the remote methods must be sent in a standard encoding across the network.

client

Server with

implementations

of remote methods

Naming registry

RMI

Calls to methods in the remote object may pass parameters and receive results

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared June 5 99

Foil 71 Java Web Servers/Servlets

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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Java is now being used to develop web servers.

Java is also being used as the language to develop server side code for web servers, using the Common Gateway Interface (CGI) of the HTTP protocol. These are called servlets.

Servlets follow a standard servlet API defining the interface between the server and the servlet, and are designed to work within the request/response model of HTTP. The servlet API is part of the standard extensions of JDK.
Servlets can provide all the services of standard CGI, but are platform-independent, i.e. they can be used with any server implementing the API, and have more state capabilities.
More generally, servlets play the role of providing middle-tier services between the client and the back-end applications.

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared June 5 99

Foil 72 Java DataBase Connection (JDBC)

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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Linkage of databases to Web has both increased functionality of web and made databases much easier to use

All the database vendors agreed on a common interface allowing one to write portable database access code

JDBC provides a set of classes for Java with a standard SQL database access interface.

Goal is uniform access to a wide range of relational databases
Resource: http://www.javasoft.com/products/jdbc

Provides an API for database "drivers" to make actual connections and transactions to database products.

includes JDBC-ODBC bridge to standard ODBC drivers, a common interface for relational databases from C

JDBC is "low-level" interface, calling SQL commands directly but is meant to be a base for higher-level interfaces.

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared June 5 99

Foil 73 JDBC Architecture

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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Java application or applet with JDBC

Java applet or

HTML browser

Application Server (Java)

with JDBC

Jdbc Driver

DBMS

Two-tier Model

Jdbc Driver

DBMS

Three-tier Model

DBMS Proprietary Protocol

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared June 5 99

Foil 74 Connecting to the Database

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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The JDBC API is in the package java.sql.

The classes include a DriverManager that keeps track of available database drivers. Download the driver you want and use it to connect to the database server.

Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver"); conn = DriverManager.getConnection ("jdbc:oracle:thin:@carver.npac.syr.edu:1521:europe", "dbusername", "dbpassword");

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared June 5 99

Foil 75 Database queries

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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There are several classes for making SQL statements.

Statement stmt = conn.createStatement( ); ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("select a,b,c from table1");

The query returns a result set, which has database table rows satisfying the query.

while (rs.next( )) { //print values for current row int i = r.getInt("a"); double f = r.getDouble("b"); String s = r.getString("c"); System.out.println("row" + i + f + s); }

SQL statements may insert, update and delete, and may execute stored procedures in the database. Additional classes deal with transaction commit and rollback.

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared June 5 99

Foil 76 JavaBeans

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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"Reusable software components that can be manipulated visually in a builder tool."

They are Java's implementation of "component-based" visual programming

This modern software engineering technique produces a new approach to libraries which become a "software component infrastructure(SCI)"

There is a visual interface to discovery of and setting of values of and information about parameters used in a particular software component

JavaBeans uses the event model of JDK1.1 to communicate between components

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared June 5 99

Foil 77 Features of JavaBeans

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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HTML version of Basic Foils prepared June 5 99

Foil 78 Component Programming with JavaBeans

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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The visual interface allows inspection of and implementation of both individual beans and their linkage (events) . This visual construction of linkage allows one to form nontrivial programs with multiple communicating components

A Java Bean component can be a simple GUI component such as a Button or a complex program with many properties and methods such as a spreadsheet.

Apart from the event mechanism used for communication and linkage, ComponentWare (and JavaBeans in particular) "just" give a set of universal rules (needed for interoperability) for rather uncontroversial (albeit good) object-oriented and visual programming practices

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared June 5 99

Foil 79 Using Java for Scientific Computing

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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HPCC is a small field and Scientific Computing a modest size field with limited resources for very hard problems and must leverage as much software as possible

Web Software provides an excellent pervasive user interface with Java Applets and WebWindows

Web Software provides a potentially excellent high performance object oriented language (Java) for scientific and engineering computation

All(!?) we need to do is to add high performance and special features of scientific computing (math libraries) to the Web!

Technology for generating parallelism (user decomposition, parallelizing compilers) not provided by web and must come from HPCC

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared June 5 99

Foil 80 The Java Grande Forum

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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Encourages and develops the use of Java for

High Performance Network Computing
Scientific and Engineering Computation
(Distributed) Modeling and Simulation
Parallel and Distributed Computing
Data Intensive Computing
Communication and Computing Intensive Commercial and Academic Applications
HPCC Computational Grids ........

Java has potential to be a better environment for "Grande application development" than any previous languages such as Fortran and C++

The Forum Goal is to develop community consensus and recommendations for either changes to Java or establishment of standards (frameworks) for "Grande" libraries and services

These Language changes or frameworks are designed to realize "best ever Grande programming environment"

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared June 5 99

Foil 81 Activities of Java Grande Forum I

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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Two major working groups promoting standards and community actions

Numerics: Java as a language for mathematics led by Ron Boisvert and Roldan Pozo from NIST

Changes in Java controversial handling of floating point which currently has goal of reproducible results but this leads to non optimal accuracy
Addition of Complex types or classes
Lightweight classes and Operator overloading -- enables implementation of complex as a class
"Fortran rectangular multidimensional arrays" -- Java naturally has "arrays of arrays"
High quality math libraries with agreed interfaces -- FFT, Matrices, Transcendental functions

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared June 5 99

Foil 82 Activities of Java Grande Forum II

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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Distributed and Parallel Computing led by Dennis Gannon and Denis Caromel (INRIA, France)

Performance of RMI (Attractive Java distributed object model - "remote method invocation")
Performance of Java runtime (the virtual machine VM) with lots of threads, I/O, memory use
Parallel Computing interfaces including Java MPI binding
Development of universal (condor, Globus, Legion UNICORE WebSubmit ..) Java interface to computing resources -- enables seamless computing (easier than metacomputing!)

Development of Grande Application benchmarks

http://math.nist.gov/scimark

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared June 5 99

Foil 83 New "Internetics" Curriculum

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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Internetics is an emerging field centered on technologies, services, and applications enabling and enabled by world wide communication and computing grids.

Combination of computer science with information application areas.

Developing certificate program from high school to continuing education.

Middle/high school certificate includes

Introduction to the web (not offered by NPAC)
Introduction to Programming using Java, offered as NPAC's Java Academy http://www.npac.syr.edu/projects/k12javaspring99

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Foil 84 Graduate Certificates

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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We are planning graduate and continuing education certificates with a curriculum of 4 core and 2 electives needed. Some courses are based on existing Syracuse University courses that we have developed.

Introduction to Internetics
Programming for the Web (CPS606)
Web Software Technologies (CPS616)
Infrastructure including Networking (CPS640)
Computer Science or Application Electives including:
- Case Studies in Information Technologies (CPS714)

Most of the advanced information technologies now require knowledge of Java, so it is a required basic course.

HTML version of Basic Foils prepared June 5 99

Foil 85 CPS606 Programming for the Web

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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CPS606 - Computational Methods for Distributed Information Systems (aka Programming for the Web)

The goal of this course is to teach students the basic programming skills and languages that are needed to implement distributed Web applications. Coursework will include a short programming module on CGI scripting in Perl and a more lengthy module on programming the Java applet interface to the World Wide Web. Java networking and distributed computing will also be covered. Background material on Web architecture and networking will be included. Prerequisite: Computer programming in some language such as C or C++.

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Foil 86 CPS616 Advanced Web Technologies

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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CPS616 Computational Science for Information Applications (a.k.a. Advanced Web and Distributed Software Technologies)

This course surveys several software technologies of current interest for use with integrated systems in collaboration, databases, and distributed computing. Specific topics in the course evolve rapidly to include leading edge technologies. Currently included are Web interface to relational databases using JDBC, JavaScript and advanced HTML such as DHTML (Dynamic HTML) for rapid development of user interfaces, the use of CORBA to connect distributed applications, component programming with JavaBeans, and security and commerce software. Some material will be taken from research projects at NPAC. Prerequisite: CPS606 or permission of instructor.

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Foil 87 CPS640: Networking and Multimedia Technologies

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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This course is designed to give sufficient background to enable the Web application programmer to understand functionality and performance issues in the design of a corporate intranet or other distributed system.

Topics include advanced networking systems and applications involving multimedia transfer such as digital video servers.

An example will be the Tango Interactive system, a Java/JavaScript-based collaborative system distributed over the Web, and how to write Java applications for it

Short projects will extend the more basic examples covered to demonstrate the concepts.

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Foil 88 CPS714 Case Studies in Information Applications

From Java Language in the Computer Science Curriculum ADMI Tutorial Duluth Minnesota -- June 3 99. *

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This course highlights a few advanced topics and then students do an in-depth project in one area.

This year (Summer 99) the topics are

XML and its applications to portals in business, education and scientific research
Distributed Object Security and its application to Internet Commerce, portals, and computing
Portals: business intranet, virtual universities, and computational problem solving environments
Distributed Object registration and lookup services including LDAP
Computing, including web servers and the computational grid

If you have any comments about this server, send e-mail to webmaster@npac.syr.edu.

Page produced by wwwfoil on Sat Jun 5 1999