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\vspace*{1.5in}
\begin{center}
{\Large\bf Summary \\}
\end{center}
\smallskip
A Research Experiences for Undergraduates Program in High-Performance
Computing conducted during Summer 1993 
by the Northeast Parallel Architectures Center
at Syracuse University is described in this report.
The 10-week program included two 
main components: group training in the application of high-performance
parallel computers, and an individual research project.  The 1993
program had 15 undergraduate ``Research Apprentices,'' 
including majors in computer science, engineering, physics, mathematics,
economics, and fine arts.  
The two-week training phase of the program included lectures
on numerical methods, computer architecture and programming techniques.
Apprentices received hands-on experience with three
parallel computers: the Connection
Machine Model CM-5, the DECmpp 1200 and the Intel iPSC860.  Individual student
projects included topics in dynamical systems, 
multimedia applications, computational
fluid dynamics, image processing, symbolic logic, computational physics,
and optimization techniques.  As part of their research experiences,
apprentices prepared written research proposals, gave oral proposal
presentations, prepared posters describing their projects, prepared
final written reports, and gave final oral presentations.  
Results produced by the apprentices demonstrate that the program
successfully provided both a formative research experience and 
a clear understanding of the application
of high-performance computing in cross-disciplinary projects.
\pagebreak

\section{Introduction}
During the summer of 1993, the Northeast Parallel Architectures Center 
(NPAC) at Syracuse University conducted a 10-week Research Experiences 
for Undergraduates (REU) Program in High-Performance Computing.  Major 
funding for the program included \$46,000 from the National Science 
Foundation, which was provided as the second year of a three-year REU 
Site Grant  (NSF CDA-9200577).\footnote{The title of the NSF grant is 
``REU Site: Undergraduate Research in Computer Science and Computational
 Physics.''  The title 
``1993 REU Program in High-Performance Computing'' was used 
throughout the program to provide a unifying context 
for cross-disciplinary projects conducted in a variety of fields, 
including computer science, physics, engineering, and fine arts.}
  This document is a progress report describing activities of 
student participants during the 1993 program. 

NPAC was established in 1987 to foster
research and training in high-performance computing technologies.
Dr.\ Geoffrey C.\ Fox, a pioneer in the development and application
of parallel-architecture computers, joined NPAC as its Director in 1990.
Dr.\ Fox has established an ambitious program that includes basic
research, industrial applications, and educational opportunities
for undergraduate and graduate students.  As part of this initiative,
NPAC has conducted a summer REU program annually since 1991.
NPAC operates a variety of high-performance, 
parallel-architecture computers, a Connection Machine Model
CM-5, two DECmpp 1200s, an nCUBE2, in Intel iPSC860, and an IBM SP-1.  
Student participants 
in the REU Program had ready access to all NPAC resources.  Additional 
resources available at Syracuse University --- including clusters 
of Sun workstations and Macintosh II computers --- also were freely 
available to participants.

The 1993 NPAC REU program was conducted from 6 June 1993 through
13 August 1993.  The program had two main components: an intensive two-week 
training course in high-performance computing, and an individual research 
project.  The training course included lectures on numerical methods,
computer architectures and programming techniques; students also
gained hands-on experience with three different parallel computers.
Requirements for the research project were structured to 
expose students to the full range of research activities: 
the students wrote research proposals, gave oral 
proposal presentations,
prepared posters describing their projects and results,
wrote full technical papers, and gave final oral presentations.  
In addition to training and research experiences, the REU program 
also included weekly seminars, in which speakers presented applications 
of high-performance computing, and periodic social events involving 
students and their advisors, which facilitated group interaction.

A total of 15 ``Research Apprentices'' 
participated in the 1993 NPAC REU program.  
Stipends for 12 students were provided by the NSF grant.  Funding 
for the stipends of an additional three students was provided by a grant from 
the GE Foundation Faculty of the Future Program, which specifically 
requires participants to be women or members of groups that are 
under-represented in science and engineering.  
Significant funding also was contributed 
by Syracuse University, which provided partial housing and living 
expenses for participants, as well as salary support for faculty, 
staff, and graduate students who participated in the training program 
and in the supervision of the student projects.

The 15 students composed a diverse group, in terms of academic 
major, home academic institution, computing experience, sex, and ethnic/racial 
background.  The group included majors in computer science, engineering, 
mathematics, physics, economics, and fine arts.  
Several participants had previous 
experience with parallel-architecture machines; a few students 
had very limited computing experience of any kind.  
Of the 12 students supported by NSF, eight
were from institutions other than Syracuse University.  

The remainder of this report is divided into four additional sections.  
Section 2 describes the process used to recruit participants and 
lists the students who participated in the program.  The two-week 
training program is described in Section 3.  Section 4 describes
the research activities pursued by participants, 
and an evaluation of the program is contained in Section 5.  The report
has two appendices.  Appendix A contains abstracts from the participants'
final papers.  Appendix B contains copies of letters received from
the participants, describing their overall evaluation of the program.


\section{Student Participants}

Consistent with the interdisciplinary nature of the work addressed by 
NPAC researchers, a central objective of the 1993 REU Program was 
the recruiting of a diverse group of well-qualified student participants.  
The program was advertised in four ways.  First, NPAC mailed a poster, 
information packet, and application materials to engineering, computer 
science, and physics 
departments at 45 schools throughout the northeastern United States. 
 Second, announcements of the program were posted electronically to relevant
bulletin boards and news groups.  Third, information was distributed
at conferences, including the 7th National Conference on Undergraduate
Research and the 
6th SIAM Conference on Parallel Processing for Scientific Computing.
Fourth, information about the program was distributed 
widely within Syracuse University, where  special efforts were made 
to bring the program to the attention of women and members 
of under-represented groups through announcements in the classroom 
and by recruiting well-qualified individual candidates.
In response to program announcements, 
52 students applied.

Applicants submitted an academic 
transcript and two letters of recommendation.  Application materials 
were reviewed by a group of three individuals who had major roles in the
Program: Dr. Edward A. Bogucz, Associate Professor of Mechanical,
Aerospace and Manufacturing 
Engineering, who served as the NPAC Project Leader for the
the 1993 REU Program; Dr. Nancy J. McCracken, NPAC Senior Researcher,
who served as the 1993 REU Training Coordinator; and Dr. Ernest E. Sibert, 
Professor of Computer and Information Science, who was one of the principal
lecturers during three years of NPAC REU Programs.  
Final decisions regarding each applicant 
were reached by consensus of the group.  Offers of participation were 
extended to 17 individuals, 15 of whom accepted.

Participants in the 1993 REU Program are listed in Table 1.  The listing
includes each student's academic major, home institution, and expected 
graduation date.  Stipends for the first 12 participants listed in Table 1 were
funded by NSF.  As stated in the original proposal for the program, at 
least seven of NSF-funded participants came from institutions other than
Syracuse University.  Stipends for the final three participants listed in 
Table 1 were provided by a  grant from the GE Foundation
Faculty for the Future Program.  This grant restricted recipients to
Syracuse University undergraduate women or members of under-represented groups.
The total group of 15 participants included three women and three members
of under-represented groups.

\begin{table}[bht]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{r@{\hspace{4pt}}llll@{\hspace{2pt}}c@{\hspace{2pt}}}
\hline
&{Name}&{Major}&{Home Institution}
               &{\begin{tabular}{l}{Grad.}\\{Date}\end{tabular}} 
               &{\begin{tabular}{c} Eval. \\ Letter \end{tabular}} \\
\hline
\\
&\multicolumn{5}{@{\hspace{-1pt}}l}{\it Students supported by NSF grant:}\\
1.&Campuzano, Mario F.&Mech., Aero. Engr.&SUNY Buffalo&May 1994&\dag\\
2.&Das, Rajat K.&Computer Engr.&Syracuse University&May 1994\\
3.&Leonard, James A.&Visual Arts&Syracuse University&May 1995&\dag\\
4.&Mahoney, William E.&Computer Engr.&Syracuse University&Dec.\ 1994&\dag\\
5.&Maimon, Ron&Physics&Harvard Univ.&May 1995\\
6.&Martin, Christopher L.&Chem., Phys., Math&Rice University&May 1994&\dag\\
7.&Shore, Matthew&Computer Science&Florida State Univ.&Dec.\ 1993&\dag\\
8.&Sims, J.\ Angela&Computer Engr.&Auburn University&Mar.\ 1994&\dag\\
9.&Trickey, Stephen T.&Mechanical Engr.&Univ. of Rochester&May 1994&\dag\\
10.&Weirich, Stephanie&Computer Science&Rice University&May 1996&\dag\\
11.&Wilkin, Samuel R.&Economics&Eckerd College&May 1995\\
12.&Willis, T.J.&Mathematics&Syracuse University&May 1994&\dag\\
\\
&\multicolumn{4}{@{\hspace{-1pt}}l}{\it Students supported by grant from the GE Foundation:}\\
13.&Arrington, Marcus G.&Computer Science&Syracuse University&May 1994\\
14.&Nagasako, Oren K.&Bioengineering&Syracuse University&May 1994&\dag\\
15.&Rak, Kimberly J.&Aerospace Engr.&Syracuse University&May 1994&\dag\\
\\
\hline
\dag&\multicolumn{5}{@{\hspace{-1pt}}l}{Student submitted an evaluation letter, a copy of which appears in Appendix B.} \\
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Participants in the 1993 NPAC REU Program.}
\end{table}

Participants were selected to represent a range of academic
disciplines and previous computing experience, as would be typical in
practical cross-disciplinary research projects.  The group included 
majors in computer science, several engineering disciplines (aerospace,
bioengineering, computer, mechanical), mathematics, physics, chemistry,
economics, and fine arts.
As could be expected, the computer science majors had fairly extensive 
computing experience, including four students who had some previous 
exposure to programming techniques for parallel computers.  Among the 
engineering, physics, economics and fine arts students, previous
computing experience generally was limited to instruction and application 
programming in a single language (FORTRAN-77 or Pascal).


\section{Training Program}

The first two weeks of the REU Program were devoted to an intensive
training program in high-performance computing.  The training program
included lectures, hands-on programming laboratories, demonstrations, and
seminars on typical applications.  In addition, time was set aside for
``independent research activity,'' during which students were encouraged
either to discuss possible research projects that had been suggested by 
participating faculty members, or to continue work on example problems
that had been introduced during the lectures and labs.

Lecture topics during the training program 
included numerical methods, data parallel programming techniques, and parallel 
computer architectures.  Lectures on technical communications also were
presented: oral presentations were addressed in one session, which included
an example presentation given by a student who had participated in the 1992
NPAC REU program; technical report writing was addressed in another session,
which included instruction in the use of the text formatting programs \TeX\
and \LaTeX .

Topics addressed in the lectures on numerical methods
included linear algebra (algorithms for solution of linear matrix problems),
integration schemes (N-body problems involving systems of first-order
ordinary differential equations) and finite difference methods (ordinary
differential equation boundary-value problems, and hyperbolic, parabolic,
and elliptic partial differential equations).  Talks on parallel computer
architectures addressed both Single Instruction, Multiple Data (SIMD) and
Multiple Instruction, Multiple Data (MIMD) machines.
Over the course of the training program, students received hands-on 
experience in the use of three
machines operated by NPAC:  the Connection Machine Model CM-5, the
DECmpp 1200, and the Intel iPSC860.  

The first day of the training program included
a brief refresher/introduction to the Unix operating system, FORTRAN-77
programming, and editing using emacs or vi.  The disparity in the levels of
previous computing experience among REU participants was addressed directly
at the start of the program.  During laboratories, the participants were
encouraged to work in pairs.  ``Lab partners'' were assigned such that a
more experienced student was teamed with a less experienced student.
Students with more experience were given the responsibility of helping
to train the less experienced participants.  


\section{Research Activities}

The primary research experience of the program was an individual project,
conducted under the supervision of a mentor from the Syracuse University
faculty or the NPAC research staff.  Requirements for the
research project were structured to expose participants to the full range
of research activities typical of graduate school: in the fourth week of
the program, participants wrote two-page proposals and gave 15-minute proposal
presentations; in the ninth week, students prepared posters describing their
project and results; in the final week, students submitted full technical
papers and gave 30-minute presentations.  In addition, every week of the
program included a seminar on applications of high-performance computing,
presented by a faculty member, researcher, or external speaker.

Students selected a research project during the two-week training program.
On the afternoon of the first day of the program, a poster session was
held, during which potential mentors 
briefly described their research interests.
This session was followed immediately by a social event, during which 
participants and faculty interacted individually to explore mutual 
interests.  Throughout the training program, time for independent research
activity was scheduled to allow participants to discuss project topics
with potential mentors in their offices.  Final decisions regarding project
topics were made by mutual agreement between participants and mentors.

Research topics addressed by REU participants cover the full range of
work underway at NPAC.  Projects included image processing, dynamical
systems, scientific visualization, logic analysis, 
multimedia applications, computational fluid dynamics, symbolic processing,
and fine arts.  Appendix A contains a compilation of abstracts 
from the final papers submitted by the participants.

During the 8-week research portion of the program,
the level of supervision given to each participant was tailored 
to meet the needs the individual.
Participants who had previous research experience were 
encouraged to work independently, consulting with mentors as appropriate
(typically twice a week).  Other participants initially needed guidance 
on a daily basis; these students were encouraged to work more independently
as they gained experience and confidence.  All students had electronic
card keys that enabled them to gain completely unrestricted access to
the Syracuse University Center for Science and Technology and to a cluster
of 16 Sun workstations.

Weekly seminars provided a continuing means for interaction
between students and mentors as a group.  Seminar topics included
multimedia technology, scientific visualization, financial modelling,
neural networks, and high-performance communications.  Each weekly
seminar was followed by a ``Research Update Meeting,'' during which
REU participants reported briefly on the status of their projects.


\section{Program Evaluation}

A variety of information was collected to facilitate evaluation of
the program.  Evaluation forms were distributed to students three times
during the program: at the end of the first week (half-way through the
training program), at the end of the second week, and at the end of the
tenth week.  Participants also were asked to submit a final written
evaluation in the form of a personal letter to Dr.\ Fox.  Faculty mentors
also provided comments about the program.  Additional items used in
the evaluation of the program include materials produced by the 
participants: their proposals, their posters, and their final reports.
Major findings of the evaluation are summarized below.

\medskip

{\bf Content of training program.}  At the end of the second week,
nearly all participants stated enthusiasm for the training program
that had just concluded.  At the end of the tenth week, many participants
recommended that the training program be shortened to allow more time
for independent research work.  Several students stated that much of
the training program was ``not relevant'' to their specific research
project.  Nevertheless, faculty mentors involved in the program believe
that all the content of the training program is relevant to the participants'
overall education and professional development, even if the students
did not recognize it at the end of the program due to the press of
responsibilities associated with their research projects.  In response 
to student comments, a reorganization of the training program is being
considered, in which specialized or advanced material is presented
in optional sessions scheduled regularly throughout the duration of the
10-week program.  This approach is intended to improve the
integration of the training and research phases of the program.

\medskip

{\bf Peer advisor.}  In the original NSF proposal, staffing of the REU
program was to have included a graduate research assistant, who was to serve
as an advisor and facilitator to the participants.  During summer 1993,
this position was changed somewhat in that it was filled by an 
undergraduate student who had served on the NPAC research staff
during academic year 1992-93.  Thomas J.\ Willis, who had been a 
participant in the 1992 NPAC REU program, has significant professional
experience in high-performance computing, including work experience
with nCUBE.  Mr.\ Willis is completing studies for an undergraduate
degree in Mathematics at Syracuse University.  
He participated in the 1993 NPAC REU program
in four distinct capacities: as an undergraduate REU participant
(who completed all aspects of an individual research project); as
an instructor in the training program; as peer advisor living in residence
with the participants; and as a liaison between participants and
NPAC and Syracuse University
staff.  In compensation for his increased responsibilities, Mr.\ Willis
received an augmented stipend, as well as full room and board.
Mr.\ Willis served exceptionally well in all capacities.  In particular,
comments from other participants are unanimous in praise for 
Mr.\ Willis's role in their REU experiences.  In future years, NPAC
will attempt to find similar individuals to live in residence with
participants.

\medskip

{\bf Research results.}  In terms of research productivity, the students'
performance was outstanding.  Written proposals\footnote{A compilation of
research proposals is available: ``Proposals for Projects in the 1993
Research Experiences for Undergraduates Program in High-Performance
Computing,'' edited by E.A.\ Bogucz and E.V.\ Weinman, NPAC Technical
Report SCCS-500, June 1993.} produced after three weeks
in the program were of very high quality. Final posters 
and technical papers\footnote{Final papers are contained in
{\it Journal of Undergraduate Research
in High-Performance Computing}, edited by E.A.\ Bogucz and E.V.\ Weinman,
NPAC Technical Report SCCS-567, November 1993.} were prepared
to high professional standards.
Participants were encouraged strongly to present
the results of their work at professional conferences. 
Two students presented results of the program at 
Supercomputing '93, held November 1993 in Portland, OR.


\medskip

{\bf Professional development.}  Based on participants' comments, it
appears clear that the program contributed significantly
to the students' professional development.  At least ten of
the participants intend to pursue a graduate degree.  As indicated in 
Table 1, 11 participants
responded to the request to submit an overall evaluation in the form
of a personal letter to Dr.\ Fox; copies of letters received appear
in Appendix B.  Student comments concerning the effect of the program
include:

\begin{quotation}
\small

\noindent
``My experience at Syracuse was incredible.  The training sessions in
parallel computing, the different talks and seminars presented, my project
and the close interaction with my advisors have influenced my career path.
\ldots Because of my experience at the Northeast Parallel Architectures
Center, I (have) decided to attend graduate school and focus on parallel
computational fluid dynamics.''  (Mario Campuzano)

\medskip
\noindent
``I find it hard to hold nothing but praise for the program.  I believe
it to be one (of) the more important elements of my education.  It has
helped me solidify my academic goals and opened up new opportunities
and possibilities for my future relationship with both the arts and
the sciences.''  (James Leonard)

\medskip
\noindent
``I found that this project and the extensive training program provided
a firm and working foundation in parallel computing and the general
skills needed in the realm of the scientist.  This project solidified
my interests in continuing towards more advanced degrees in the sciences.''
(Christopher Martin)

\medskip
\noindent
``\ldots I will continue work on the research project at FSU during
the coming year which will result in an honors thesis.  Next, my
general knowledge of supercomputing has increased dramatically, especially
in an area where I was lacking experience -- applications.  I am, moreover,
quite determined to pursue a graduate degree in computational science.''
(Matthew Shore)

\medskip
\noindent 
``\ldots NPAC has changed my studies here at Rice.  I am hoping to incorporate
parallel processing into a project this semester I am working on for
my computational linguistics class.''  (Stephanie Weirich)

\medskip
\noindent
``\ldots one of the most unique aspects of the program was the ability
to live and work with a group of students that seem brighter and
more energetic than the typical student body at any university.
For a mathematician, it's very valuable to discuss a mathematical
problem, say, in terms of fluid dynamics with an engineer, and then
to walk down the hall and discuss the concept in terms of quantum
field theory with a physicist.  Of course, when I sat down to write
the code, I could peek over the cubicle divider and discuss the theory
of parse-trees and hash tables with a computer scientist.  Even if you
disregard the project advisors, the NPAC REU qualifies, in my book,
as a high-calibre think tank.''  (Thomas Willis)

\end{quotation}


Overall, the participants, faculty and staff involved in 
the 1993 NPAC REU Program regard it as an outstanding success.
Participants were well satisfied with their experiences.
Their papers and comments demonstrate that they have a clear understanding
of the use of high-performance computing in basic and applied research.
Faculty mentors found the experience rewarding and productive, and
they look forward to interacting with new groups of energetic 
undergraduates in future years.

\newpage
\begin{center}
{\Large\bf Appendix A\\
\vspace{12pt}
REU Project Abstracts}\\
\vspace{24pt}
\end{center}

\noindent This appendix contains abstracts describing projects
completed by each participant in the 1993 NPAC REU program.

\vspace{108pt}

\begin{center}
{\large\bf Development of a Graphical User Interface to the \\Geographical
Information System GRASS }\\
\bigskip  
{\bf Marcus G. Arrington}\\
GE Foundation Undergraduate Researcher,
 1993 NPAC REU Program\\
Computer Science Major, Syracuse University\\
\medskip 
{\bf Kim Mills}\\
Project Leader, NPAC, Syracuse University
\end{center}

\smallskip

This project addresses the development of a graphical user interface
to the Geographical Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS),
a geographical information system.
The Application Visualization System (AVS) is used for the user interface.
In addition to providing visualization capabilities, AVS also provides
an software environment for applications that require distributed
execution on a heterogeneous computer network.  The intent of this
project is to demonstrate how AVS can be used to access GRASS.


%\bigskip
%\vspace{.3in}

\newpage
\begin{center}
{\large\bf Visualization of Unsteady Viscous Flows}\\
\bigskip  
{\bf Mario F.~Campuzano}\\
Research Apprentice, 1993 NPAC REU Program\\  
Dual Major in Mechanical Engineering and Aerospace Engineering, SUNY Buffalo\\
\medskip 
{\bf  Thong Q.~Dang}\\
Associate Professor\\
Depart. Mech., Aero. and Manufact. Engr., Syracuse University\\ \medskip
{\bf  Edward A.~Bogucz}\\
Associate Professor\\
Depart. Mech., Aero. and Manufact. Engr., Syracuse University\\ \medskip
{\bf  Gang Cheng }\\
Junior Research Scientist, NPAC, Syracuse University\\
\end{center}

\smallskip

This project demonstrates the use of the commercial software package
AVS to animate the results of an unsteady viscous flow computation.
The physical problem considered is the flow induced by a two-dimensional
flat plate that is impulsively started in motion in a direction normal
to its length in an otherwise quiescent fluid.  The unsteady flow is
calculated using a vorticity-streamfunction formulation that is
approximated using a finite-volume technique.  Computed results for 
individual time
steps are stored as separate files for subsequent processing by AVS.
The animation shows development of large-scale vortex structures in the
wake of the plate.

\vspace{.6in}

\begin{center}
{\large\bf A Laser Disk Closed-Caption Interface\\ \medskip
for Multimedia DataBase Management Systems }\\ \medskip 
{\bf Rajat  K.~Das} \\
Research Apprentice, 1993 NPAC REU Program\\    
Computer Science Major, Syracuse University\\  
\medskip  
{\bf C.-Y.~Roger Chen}\\
Associate Professor\\
Department of Electrical
 and Computer Engineering, Syracuse University\\
\end{center}

\smallskip

The development of software for an element of
Multimedia Database Management Systems (DBMS)
is addressed in this work.
The present contribution concentrates on the design of software to
control   a laser disk player.
 Once the laser disk player is controlled, each frame of the laser disk will
 be interfaced with a closed caption, and a search will be performed
on the basis of the closed caption.
 Some applications of the work are found in areas of criminal
identification, graphic art design, sports statistics and
records, and the movie/video industry.

\vspace{.6in}

\begin{center}
{\large\bf Exploring Virtual Reality as an Art Form}\\
\medskip
{\bf James A.~Leonard}\\
Research Apprentice, 1993 NPAC REU Program\\   
Visual Arts Major, Syracuse University\\   \medskip  
{\bf Wojtek Furmanski}\\
Research Professor of Physics\\
Associate Director, NPAC, Syracuse University\\ \medskip
{\bf Diglio A.~Simoni}\\
Graduate Research Assistant, NPAC, Syracuse University\\
\end{center}

\smallskip

The intent of this project was to explore the artistic potential
of current virtual reality technologies.  This involved
achieving access to appropriate hardware, exploring
an existing software package (Minimal Reality Toolkit), designing
a virtual environment, and executing the environment.  The desired
outcome was a working minimal environment.  Many unforeseen complications
involving both the hardware and software arose, preventing the realization
of this minimal environment.  Alternatively, this project explored other
existing (non-virtual reality) software (Application Visualization System
and Aldus Superpaint), along with some current multi-user networks
 (Multi-User Dimensions)
 found on the internet.  Experiences with these resources
and exposure to some of the existing virtual reality technologies led to
the conclusion that a more versatile interface for designing
virtual environments needs to be developed for artists.

%\pagebreak
\vspace{.6in}

\begin{center}
{\large\bf Evaluating Parallel Random Number Generators}\\
\medskip 
{\bf William E.~Mahoney }\\
Research Apprentice, 1993 NPAC REU Program\\    
Computer Engineering Major, Syracuse University\\  
\medskip  
{\bf  Paul D.~Coddington}\\
Project Leader, NPAC, Syracuse University\\
\end{center}

\smallskip

Parallel random number generators are studied and tested on a
variety of parallel computers.  The performance of each random
number generator is evaluated using parallel Monte Carlo
simulations.  A model with known results is used to enable a
more precise analysis of each random number generator.
The results of these parallel simulations are similar to those achieved
with sequential simulations.

\pagebreak
%\vspace{.45in}

\begin{center}
{\large\bf Quantum Field Theory on the Connection Machine}\\
\medskip  
{\bf Ron Maimon}\\
Research Apprentice, 1993 NPAC REU Program\\   
Physics Major, Harvard University\\
\medskip  
{\bf Mark J.~Bowick}\\
Associate Professor, Physics Department, Syracuse University\\
\end{center}
\medskip

The $\lambda\phi^3$ theory is investigated in order to determine whether
direct simulation of Quantum Field Theory is a reasonable alternative to
 currently existing methods.
Advantages and disadvantages of direct simulation are discussed. A new
approach
to perturbation theory similar in spirit to the direct simulation method is
introduced, and the applications of this theoretical structure to large
coupling constant field theoretic conditions are investigated, both
numerically and analytically.

\vspace{.45in}

\begin{center}
{\large\bf Coloring of Triangulated Random Surfaces}\\
\medskip  
{\bf Christopher L.~Martin }\\
Research Apprentice, 1993 NPAC REU Program\\   
Physics, Chemical Physics, and Mathematics Major, Rice University\\
\medskip 
{\bf Paul D.~Coddington}\\
Project Leader, NPAC, Syracuse University\\ \medskip
{\bf James R.~Allwright}\\
Visiting Assistant Professor\\School of Computer and Information Science,
Syracuse University\\
\end{center}

\smallskip

A system for modeling random surfaces that can evolve with time,
specifically for computer simulations of String Theory, requires
a fast and efficient means for coloring the sites to ensure
that adjacent sites are not updated simultaneously.
Effective coloring algorithms
are implemented on two different parallel architectures
and tested for efficiency.

\pagebreak
%\vspace{.5in}

\begin{center}
{\large\bf A Model to Predict Photoreceptor Electrical Output\\
 Based on Natural Light Input}\\
\medskip  
{\bf Oren K.~Nagasako}\\
GE Foundation Undergraduate Researcher, 1993 NPAC Program\\
Bioengineering and Biology Major, Syracuse University\\
\medskip  
{\bf  Gustav A.~Engbretson}\\
Associate Professor\\ Department of Bioengineering and Neuroscience,
Syracuse University\\ \medskip
{\bf  Ernest E.~Sibert }\\
Professor\\School of Computer and Information Science, Syracuse University\\
\end{center}

\smallskip

Engbretson and Solessio developed a model for the reptilian parietal eye
that predicts the intensity response relationship of the parietal eye of
the lizard {\it Xantusia vigilis} to sunlight with a reasonable degree of
accuracy.  The program SOLRAD is used to predict the intensity of
natural light.  When the model is implemented on the CM-5 to analyze the data
from SOLRAD, a response that suggests a possible function of the parietal eye
is generated.  The function proposed is a mechanism that is able to detect
``dimness" in sunlight, and in doing so, able to determine when the sun is
rising or setting.

\vspace{.6in}

\begin{center}
{\large\bf Visualization Of Flow Field Structures In Jet Engine Exhaust}\\
\medskip  
{\bf Kimberly J.~Rak }\\
GE Foundation Undergraduate Researcher, 1993 NPAC REU Program\\
Aerospace Engineering Major, Syracuse University\\ \medskip  
{\bf  Eric F.~Spina}\\
Associate Professor\\Depart. of Mech., Aero. and Manufact. Engr., Syracuse Univ.\\ \medskip
\end{center}

\smallskip

A procedure was developed for entering jet velocity data into a
visualization
package called AVS.  Images of density gradients produced by the schlieren
method and three-dimensional total pressure data were converted into AVS
readable formats.  These images will be used to investigate flow field
structures in heated supersonic flow.

\pagebreak
%\vspace{.6in}

\begin{center}
{\large
\bf A New Automatic Simulated Annealing-Type \\ Global Organization Scheme}\\
\medskip  
{\bf Matthew  Shore}\\
Undergraduate Researcher, 1993 NPAC REU Program\\   
Computer Science, Music, Florida State University\\ \medskip  
{\bf  Paul D.~Coddington }\\
Project Leader, Northeast Parallel Architectures Center\\
Syracuse University\\ \medskip
{\bf  Geoffrey C.~Fox }\\
Director, NPAC, Syracuse, NY\\
Professor, Physics and Computer Science\\
Syracuse University\\ \medskip
{\bf  Enzo Marinari}\\
Associate Director, NPAC, Syracuse, NY\\
Professor of Physics, Syracuse University\\
Professor of Physics, Universit\`{a} di Roma {\em Tor Vergata}\\
 Rome, Italy\\ \medskip
{\bf C. H. Wu}\\
Graduate Assistant, School of Computer and Information Science\\
Syracuse University\\ 
\end{center}

\smallskip

A study of global optimization schemes is presented.  Simulated
annealing, a general and proven technique for minimizing functions
with many coexisting states, is used as a foundation for the
development of a new, more automatic approach, called simulated
tempering.  This novel method upholds the eminent attribute of
simulated annealing---the probabilistic guarantee of convergence upon
a global minimum.  It is unique, however, in that system equilibrium
is never disturbed.  Although simulated tempering is in its infancy,
it is promising indeed, as the preliminary results suggest.  The
two-dimensional Ising Spin Glass Model, an NP-complete optimization
problem, is used as the test case.  Its theoretical formulation is
briefly addressed.

\pagebreak
%\vspace{.6in}

\begin{center}
{\large\bf The Ideal Psychometric Procedure}\\
\medskip  
{\bf J.~Angela Sims}\\
Research Apprentice, 1993 NPAC REU Program\\   
Computer Engineering Major, Auburn University\\
\medskip  
{\bf  Denis G.~Pelli}\\
Professor, Department of Bioengineering and Neuroscience\\
Syracuse University\\
\end{center}

\smallskip

{\em QUEST-2} uses ideal sequential estimation procedures to minimize the
expected variance of a threshold estimate after a series of tests.  The
ideal psychometric procedure incorporates {\em QUEST} and the ``lookahead''
factor
into finding the minimal effective threshold in a series of trials.  Since
the minimization techniques involve expensive computations, a parallel
implementation of {\em QUEST-2} was developed in an attempt to increase
its speed and computational power and to allow a greater lookahead factor.
The effectiveness of the sequential and parallel versions are examined.

\vspace{.6in}
\begin{center}
{\large\bf Controlling Extended Chaotic Systems}\\
\medskip  
{\bf Stephen  T.~Trickey}\\
Research Apprentice, 1993 NPAC REU Program\\    
Mechanical Engineering Major, University of Rochester\\
\medskip  
{\bf  Michael J.~Vinson}\\
Research Associate, NPAC and Physics Department\\
Syracuse University\\
\end{center}

\smallskip

A method for controlling extended chaotic systems, chaotic systems with
many degrees of freedom, by applying existing
techniques is examined.  Background is given about the control techniques
of
Ott, Grebogi, and Yorke, as well as those of Pyragas.
The significance of the use of a coupled map lattice for modeling a system
is explained.  The results of applying the Pyragas control method to a
zero-dimensional case, as well as to a coupled map lattice, are discussed.

\pagebreak
%\vspace{.6in}

\begin{center}
{\large\bf Say it Ain't So or Proof by Contradiction for Parallel\\
Genetic Algorithms for Automated Reasoning}\\
\medskip 
{\bf Stephanie  Weirich}\\
Research Apprentice, 1993 NPAC REU Program\\  
Computer Science Major, Rice University\\
\medskip 
{\bf  Chilukuri K.~Mohan}\\
Associate Professor, School of Computer and Information Science\\
Syracuse University\\
\end{center}

\smallskip

This paper addresses the development of parallel algorithms for
automated theorem-proving of propositional logic.  Current
sequential theorem-prover implementations
 are not used extensively in practice, as they are slow to run.
Parallel algorithms have been shown to  drastically decrease search times
over the sequential code. Unfortunately, parallel algorithms can fall into
the same traps of greedy sequential algorithms and not be able to find the
contradiction. However, an existing sequential code motivated by the
 methodology of  genetic algorithms has already achieved significant
progress in speeding up the process sequentially. A parallelization
of this code is explored.

\vspace{.6in}
\bigskip
\begin{center}
{\large\bf Nonlinear Prediction and Forecasting of Chaos}\\
\medskip  
{\bf Samuel R.~Wilkin}\\
Research Apprentice, 1993 NPAC REU Program\\  
Economics Major, Eckerd College\\
\medskip 
{\bf  Michael J.~Vinson}\\
Research Associate, NPAC and Physics Department\\
Syracuse University\\
\end{center}

\smallskip

Farmer and Sidorowich proposed a nonlinear prediction algorithm that could
successfully predict chaotic systems in the short term.  We make this
algorithm more accurate, test its effectiveness when confronted by error,
optimize its controlling parameters for several data sets, adjust it so
that it predicts future direction instead of future values, and modify it
to utilize data from several concurrent time series simultaneously.  We then
join this improved algorithm with a method for determining whether or
not a time series is chaotic or merely random.

\pagebreak
%\vspace{.6in}

\begin{center}
{\large\bf Knotica: A Symbolic Workbench for Combinatoric Knot Theory}\\
\medskip 
{\bf Thomas J.~Willis}\\
Senior Research Apprentice, 1993 NPAC REU Program\\ 
Graduate Assistant, Department of Mathematics\\
\medskip  
{\bf  Edward A.~Bogucz}\\
Associate Professor\\
 Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Manufacturing Engineering\\
Syracuse University\\
\end{center}

\smallskip

{\it Knotica}, a high-level interactive system for manipulating
and performing calculations on mathematical knots is introduced.
{\it Knotica} is based on the commercial symbolic algebra system,
{\it Mathematica}, and can be used to calculate various topological
properties of knots, as well as providing a set of ``building-block''
routines that can be incorporated into custom {\it Mathematica}-based
knot theory programs.

\newpage
\begin{center}
{\Large\bf Appendix B\\
\vspace{12pt}
Letters from Participants}\\
\vspace{24pt}
\end{center}

\noindent This appendix contains letters from participants
describing their experiences in the 1993 NPAC REU program.
Letters were received from the following individuals:


\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{r@{\hspace{4pt}}llll@{\hspace{2pt}}}
\hline
&{Name}&{Major}&{Home Institution}
               &{\begin{tabular}{l}{Grad.}\\{Date}\end{tabular}} \\
\hline
\\
&\multicolumn{4}{@{\hspace{-1pt}}l}{\it Students supported by NSF grant:}\\
&Campuzano, Mario F.&Mech., Aero. Engr.&SUNY Buffalo&May 1994\\
&Leonard, James A.&Visual Arts&Syracuse University&May 1995\\
&Mahoney, William E.&Computer Engr.&Syracuse University&Dec.\ 1994\\
&Martin, Christopher L.&Chem., Phys., Math&Rice University&May 1994\\
&Shore, Matthew&Computer Science&Florida State Univ.&Dec.\ 1993\\
&Sims, J.\ Angela&Computer Engr.&Auburn University&Mar.\ 1994\\
&Trickey, Stephen T.&Mechanical Engr.&Univ. of Rochester&May 1994\\
&Weirich, Stephanie&Computer Science&Rice University&May 1996\\
&Willis, T.J.&Mathematics&Syracuse University&May 1994\\
\\
&\multicolumn{4}{@{\hspace{-1pt}}l}{\it Students supported by grant from the GE Foundation:}\\
&Nagasako, Oren K.&Bioengineering&Syracuse University&May 1994\\
&Rak, Kimberly J.&Aerospace Engr.&Syracuse University&May 1994\\
\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}


\end{document}

