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%\lhead{Hasan Timucin OZDEMIR }
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\title{\vspace{2.0in} 3 DIMENSIONAL DYNAMICAL SURFACE CONSTRUCTION WITH
BEZIER PATCHES \vspace{1.3in} }
\author{ Hasan Timucin OZDEMIR }
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\begin{center}
{\bf \LARGE KASPAROV VERSUS DEEP BLUE }
\end{center}

\begin{center}
{\bf \Large Can Machines Think?}
\end{center}

On February 10,1996, there was a chess play with the Kasparov and the Deep Blue
to test the maturity of the new chess machine. This day is 50th anniversary of
the first computer ENIAC.

The first chess pragram on computer designed by the Alan Turing, 1951, British
Scientist. Also he defined "Turing Test" in his renowed article "Mind"(?).

Kasparov is the chess champion for last 10 years and he is 32 years old. He played
last chess game with No. 2 human in October 1995 and he won 17 out of 18 games.

Deep Blue is the follower of Deep Thought that was an another chess computer
deveploped by a team of Carnegie-Mellon graduate students(1988). In 1989, IBM
embark a project Deep Blue at the Watson Research Center with the some of the
guys took place in the Deep Thought project and the aim is to investigate the
applicability of massively parallel computers to the real computational
intensive problems such as moleculer dynamic simulations, trafic and cargo
scheduling at the word's busiest airports,..etc.
Deep Blue has 256 processors and can look at 50-100 billion moves within 3
minutes.

This contest brings the question "Did we establish the intelligent machine?"
According to Turing Test, Deep Blue should beat the Human expert to show that
it is somehow intelligent than human.

The result is unexpected:

\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|} \hline 
First  Game & Deep Blue \\
Second Game&  Kasparov \\
Third  Game & Tie \\
Fourh  Game&  Tie \\
Fifth  Game&  Kasparov \\
Sixth  Game&  Kasparov \\ \hline 
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

This experiment demostrate that in the near future there will be a chess machine
that can beat the Human Champ in this specific area.

But Question is "Did Deep Blue think during the game?"

Unfortunately it did not. It just investigate the whole possible moves with
a {\bf Brute Force} method and come up with a great moves. In the first game
it saw the future possible moves and Kasparov did not. In this game it lose
some pawns but everybody thought it was normal trace of game but it came up
with a surprise and beat the Kasparov at the end of game. Actually, it did
plan everything from the beginning and play its game according to this play
plan. After the first game everybody shocked. It was unexpected. Then Kasparov
and his team figure out that this machine is doing a brute force search and
{\bf table calculation} to find the best move, then he changed some of moves
to fool the computer and he succeed. Then Deep Blue was on its knees to
Kasparov. But he said "it wasn't easy match!".

This result force us to look into the intelligence concept again. There is one
important problem here "Can a machine have {\bf consciousness}?". It was
obvious that Deep Blue does not have any. But the problem
"can we bulid one that has?"
"can we bulid a machine that has {\bf common sense}?"

All the research in AI upto now generally mimics the human data processing
such as face recognition, zip code recognition,..etc. But human's brain is not
just a bunch of neurones doing calculations continuely but also has thoughts
and feelings. These are subjective experience.
Can computers have some of them?

We need to define {\bf Consciousness}. There are two schools for this subject
now around.
\begin{itemize}
\item [1.] Daniel Dennett follower of his teacher Gilbert Ryle.

   Gilbert Ryle published the {\bf The Concept of Mind} in 1949.

   Dennett published {\bf Consciousness Explained} in 1991 also his new book
   about this subject will be published in this year.

   Their Theory

   {\bf The mind(consciousness) is the brain, itself.   }
   This is the {\bf materialist} doctrine.

\item [2.] New Mysterians. ( Colin McGinn and David Chalmer )

   Colin McGinn published the {\bf The Problem of Consciousness}.

   They are accepting that in the future we have very expert machines on some
   specific subjects but we won't have a machine with consciousness unless we
   find some way of describing it. And they don't think it can be possible.
   For example a computer can sense the heat by producing the necessary
   sensory information. But how can it produce the {\bf feeling of heat and pain}
   this is subjective experience.
\end{itemize}

{\bf Projects}

{\bf Cog :}

{\bf CYC :(as in encyclopedic)}

{\bf Artificial Agents :}

{\bf Genetic Programming :}


{\bf References}

\begin{itemize}
\item [[1]] {\it Can Machines Think?}, Robert Wright, TIME, March 25, 1996
	(Cover story)
\item [[2]] {\it The Puzzle of Conscious Experience}, David J. Chalmers,
	Scientific American, December 1995
\item [[3]] {\it Deep Blue Flunk, Charles Krauthammer}, TIME, February 26, 1996
\item [[4]] {\it Tangled Up in Deep Blue}, Steven Levy, Newsweek, February 26, 1996
\item [[5]] {\it Curtains for Kasparov}, Michael Antonoff, Popular Science, March 1996
\end{itemize}

Further Reading(Books)

\begin{itemize}
\item [] {\it Moral Animal}, Robert Wright, 1994
\item [] {\it Consciousness Explained}, Danial Dennett, 1991
\item [] {\it The Problem of Consciousness}, Colin McGinn,
\item [] {\it The Conscious Mind}, David Chalmers
\item [] {\it Mind, Matter, and Quantum Machanics}, Henry P. Stapp, 1993
\end{itemize}


\begin{center}
{\bf Hasan Timucin OZDEMIR }
\end{center}
\begin{center} \today \end{center}


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